TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ - Deneme Sınavı - 8

1- upper lip, 2- teeth, 3- alveolar ridge, 4- palate, 5- velum, 6- uvula, 7- pharynx, 8- lower lip, 9- tip, 10- blade, 11- front, 12- center, 13- back, 14- root. B is the correct choice.

Consonants are described in terms of

E is the correct choice

Considering the allophonic variations of the Turkish consonants, the following are correct transcriptions of the given words: kıl [kɯɬ], kül [cyl], rey [ɾ̌e], gel [ɟɛl], çinko [tʃɪŋko]. B is the correct choice.

In your book, as is the tradition within linguistics, when referring to sounds, IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is used. The reasons IPA, rather than letters, is used to represent sounds are twofold. One, letters are language specific. Each language may use different letters to represent the same sound. For example, the initial sounds of the Turkish word şair and the English word sheep are similar. But the two languages represent these similar sounds by using different symbols or letters; ş in Turkish, sh in English. Turkish is considered an orthographic language, a language that is written the way it is pronounced, or pronounced the way it is written. In the Turkish writing system, the letter ‘a’ always represents the same sound. But not all languages are orthographic and English is one of those languages which is not. In English, the letter ‘a’ is used in the following words, father, alive, all, fat, make, but each of the ‘a’s represent a different sound; a, ə, ɔ, æ, e, respectively. Examples from only these two languages show that the sound a letter represents is not predictable across languages (e.g., Turkish and English) as well as within a language (e.g., English). Therefore, a notational standard is needed whereby one symbol represents one sound not only within a language but also across languages. IPA provides such a standard. The second reason why IPA is used to represent sounds is that we want to be able to represent all the sounds that occur in the languages of the world. As letters are language specific, letters of a specific language cannot represent sounds that do not occur in that language. For example, how can we represent the initial sound of that in the Turkish writing system? Since Turkish does not have the sound represented as ‘th’, Turkish orthography cannot reflect the sound. A is the correct answer.

The study of sounds is important because sounds are the reflection of language which is the knowledge in the mind. Within the scope of phonetics, sounds that are relevant to speech are important. Sounds of laughter, pain, and excitement are not the focus of phonetics as the goal of phonetics is to arrive at a physical description of speech sounds that are linguistically relevant. Choice B is the correct answer.

Phonetics is concerned with the units of speech. More specifically, phonetics tries to arrive at a physical description of sounds. In the phonological component of the grammar, the sounds are stringed together where phonological rules apply. C is the correct answer.

In the phonological component of the grammar, the sounds are stringed together where phonological rules apply. Likewise, there are rules the Turkish past tense suffix undergoes just like the English plural suffix discussed in your book (p. 3). D is the correct answer.

In the phonological component, an underlying representation for each unit (i.e., words, affixes) is posited. The underlying representation is notated between slashes (/ /). The surface realization, on the other hand, is notated between square brackets ([ ]). Thus, A is the correct answer.

The surface realization of a form is its phonetic realization. Therefore, it is not abstract, but physical; it can be actually heard in speech and seen in writing. It does not refer to what’s in mind, but rather to what is in the mouth. B is the correct answer.

Word pairs airs such as ‘kap’ and ‘sap’ are called minimal pairs because the difference is only in one sound. This difference in one sound can be in other positions to form a minimal pair. In the given examples, only kat-sat differ in one sound. C is the correct answer.

Pairs such as ‘kap’ and ‘sap’ are called minimal pairs because the difference is only in one sound. This difference in one sound can be in other positions to form a minimal pair. ‘Kel’ and ‘kal’ is  a minimal pair showing that /e/ and /a/ are phonemes. ‘Sap’ and ‘sat’ is a minimal pair showing that /p/ and /t/ are phonemes. In each of these pairs, a change in one sound, the other sounds being the same, changes the meaning of the word. Thus those sounds are phonemes as they change the meaning. Likewise, pak-bak is another minimal pair in Turkish showing that /p/ and /b/ are phonemes. They change the meaning of the whole Word when substituted for one another. D is the correct answer.

Allophone is a variation of a sound which does not cause a change in the meaning of a word. Allophones are generally predictable in that one allophone occurs in one environment while the other occurs in a different environment. E is the correct answer.

Skriks cannot be Turkish because it has a non-permissible sound combination. It has two consonants together without an intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which Turkish does not allow. A is the correct answer.