TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ - Deneme Sınavı - 7

PHONOLOGY: All languages have rules about how speech is organized. These rules are language specific in that each language has its own phonological rules and a  phonological rule may occur in one language while not in other languages. Or, the same phonological rule may occur in different languages with some variations. B is the correct answer.

Final devoicing rule in Turkish applies to syllable final voiced stops and affricate in the root. D is the correct answer.

Final Devoicing Rule states that voiced sounds become voiceless in word or syllable final position. In git, the underlying form of the final sound is /d/ as in gid, but after final devoicing applies to it, it changes into /t/ as in git in gitti. In all the others, it remains as /d/ as they do not undergo final devoicing. E is the correct answer.

Final devoicing rule in Turkish applies to syllable final voiced stops /b/, /d/, /g/ and affricate /dʒ/ in the root. A is the correct answer.

Place of articulation assimilation, then, means that the place of articulation of one sound becomes like the neighboring sound. In words such as ‘sand›k’, ‘tand›r’, ‘mendil’ /n/ is followed by an alveolar stop. As both /n/ and /d/ are alveolar sounds, there is no change in the realization of /n/, it remains as an alveolar nasal. When /n/ is followed by a velar stop /k/ or /g/, /n/ is realized as / ŋ/. This is the case in yangın. B is the correct answer.

Place of articulation assimilation in Turkish is regressive (from right to left; going backward) in that the consonant following the nasal determines the place of articulation. C is the correct answer.

There are two types of vowel harmony in Turkish; backness harmony and rounding harmony. If the vowel of the suffix is not a high vowel (i.e., E), then it agrees in backness. This is called backness harmony. This means that the suffix will have a front vowel with words containing front vowels in the last syllable and back vowel with words containing back vowels in the last syllable. At is word containing a non-fron vowel, Then, not to violate the backness harmony, the suffix must have the non-front vowel /a/ instead of the fronf vowel /ɛ/. D is the correct answer.

There are two types of vowel harmony in Turkish; backness harmony and rounding harmony. If the vowel of the suffix is a high vowel, then it agrees in both backness and rounding. This is called rounding harmony. /i, ɛ/ are unrounded front vowels, thus -i surfaces as [i] which is also an unrounded front vowel. /y, oe/ are rounded front vowels, hence –i surfaces as [y], a rounded front vowel. –i surfaces as [ɯ], an unrounded non-front vowel, with unrounded non-front vowels /ɯ, ʌ/, and as /u/, rounded non-front vowel with rounded non-front vowels /u/ and /o/. This suggest that when a suffix contains a high vowel, then it shares two common properties with the vowel of the word to which it is attached. In the given example, the root san- has an unrounded non-front vowel /ʌ/, then, following rounding harmony, the high suffix vowel must surface as [ɯ], not as [y]. E is the correct answer.

The air passage above the larynx is called vocal tract.

When producing the sounds /m/ and /n/, the mouth is closed preventing the air coming out of the mouth. Instead the air comes out of the nose. Thus such sounds are called nasal sounds.

In Turkish, neither uvula nor the pharynx is used to produce consonants. But these two articulators are used to produce consonants in other languages.

Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth. Say the words fare and vali. To produce ‘f’ and ‘v’, lower lip is raised to touch the upper teeth. These sounds are therefore called labiodental sounds (labio - meaning ‘lip’, dental referring to the ‘teeth’). IPA symbols for these sounds are /f/,/v/, respectively.

The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis.

/p/: voiceless, bilabial, stop

The occurrence of palatal vs. velar stops is conditioned by the neighboring vowels. Voiceless velar stop [k] occurs with the vowels ‘a, ı, o, u ’, voiceless palatal stop [c] occurs with the vowels ‘e, i, ö, ü’.

In Turkish, /k/ and /g/ are the only velar consonants.

Voicing is defined as the presence or absence of vocal cord vibration. Vocal cords are two muscular folds within the larynx behind the Adam’s apple. You can manipulate your vocal cords by opening and closing them.

The occurrence of palatal vs. velar stops is conditioned by the neighboring vowels. Voiceless velar stop [k] occurs with the vowels ‘a, ı, o, u ’, voiceless palatal stop [c] occurs with the vowels ‘e, i, ö, ü ’.

If we say that there are three separate plural suffixes, ‘s’ (as in cats), ‘z’ (as in dogs), and ‘ız’ (as in buses), then that would suggest that each word and its plural form is memorized separately as unanalyzable wholes. There is evidence that that is not the case – when a native speaker is given the singular form of a word that s/he has never
heard before, a nonsense word (a word that has no meaning) for example, and
asked to produce the plural form, s/he would produce the correct pronunciation.
This suggests that the underlying representation of the plural form is /s/ while
its phonetic realization, or surface realization, may be [s] or [z] or [´z]. Thus the
underlying representation and the surface realization may be different

The underlying representation is notated between slashes (/ /). Thus /s/ would indicate that that is the underlying representation of the English plural suffix.