TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ - Deneme Sınavı - 6

Pairs such as ‘kap’ and ‘sap’ are called minimal pairs because the difference
is only in one sound. This difference in one sound can be in other positions to
form a minimal pair. ‘Kel’ and ‘kal’ are minimal pairs showing that /e/ and /a/ are
phonemes

Thus, if the /k/ in ‘kil’ is produced further back in the mouth as a velarsound it may sound funny or not native-like, but it would still be kil with the meaning of kil. We could then say that /k/ in Turkish has two different surface realizations or two variations, [c] and [k]. Such variations which do not change the meaning are called allophones. Allophone is then a variation of a sound which does not cause a change in the meaning of a word.

Articulation: movement of organs in the vocal tract

Turkish is considered an orthographic language, a language that is written the way it is pronounced, or pronounced the way it is written.

Turkish is considered an orthographic language, a language that is written the way it is pronounced, or pronounced the way it is written.

In linguistics, when referring to sounds, IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is used.

Some properties of languages are idiosyncratic in that they are not predictable

The word in (IV) has two consonants together without an
intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which
Turkish does not allow. Turkish has borrowed words such as ‘spor’ which appears
to have a consonant cluster in word-initial position but it is not realized as such in
actual utterances. ‘Spor’ is pronounced as two syllables with a vowel in between
the two consonants, ‘s›-por’, thus not breaking the rules of Turkish. (V) also has
a consonant cluster in syllable-initial position.

In Turkish grammar books, final devoicing rule is stipulated as voiceless stops
and affricate becoming voiced when a suffix beginning with a vowel is attached.
When such a rule is applied to, for example, kitap → kitab-›, /p/ becomes /b/
because the accusative suffix –i is attached. However, this rule does not account
for words in which voiceless stops do not become voiced when vowel initial suffix
is attached as illustrated below.

When /n/ is followed by a velar stop /k/ or /g/, /n/ is realized as /N/. Because /N/ is not a distinct phoneme in Turkish, realization of /n/ as a velar nasal is not reflected in the orthography. If
you say the following words ‘nankör’, ‘dengi’, ‘sanki’, paying attention to what
you are doing with your tongue, you should notice that the back of your tongue
is at the velum for closure thus producing /N/. ‘Antalya’ and ‘Ankara’ may better
illustrate the difference between the two /n/’s. You should notice that the closure
you form for the two /n/ ’s is in different places. The /n/ in Antalya is formed at
the front of the mouth, at the alveolar ridge, while /n/ in Ankara is formed at the
back of the mouth – at the velum.

When the suffix –de (indicating location) is attached to a root, two different
forms with respect to the initial consonant, –de and –te surface (the difference in
the vowels will be discussed in the following section). The suffix surfaces as –de
in the first column but as –te in the second column. Can you explain why?
The words in the first column end with a voiced sound. /V, n, l, R, √/ are all
voiced. The initial consonant of the suffix –de therefore is also voiced. The words
in the second column, on the other hand, end with a voiceless consonant. /p, f,
k, s, S/ are all voiceless. Thus, the initial consonant of the suffix becomes voiceless,
-te. This is called voicing assimilation – voicing of the suffix agrees with the
voicing of the root final sound.

Although those suffixes which agree in voicing of the root final sound are stopinitial or affricate-initial suffixes, not all stop- and affricate-initial suffixes assimilate
in voicing. –ken, –sa are just a few examples which do not assimilate

The root-vowels in the first group of words are /i, E, y, ø/. The property these
vowels share is that they are all front vowels. Thus, the suffix –ler, which also
contains a front vowel, is attached. Conversely, the vowels in the second group,
/µ, a, o, u/, are all non-front vowels. Thus the plural suffix has the form –lar, with
a non-front vowel.

There are two types of vowel harmony in Turkish; backness harmony and
rounding harmony. If the vowel of the suffix is not a high vowel (i.e., E), then it
agrees in backness. This is called backness harmony. This means that the suffix
will have a front vowel with words containing front vowels in the last syllable and
back vowel with words containing back vowels in the last syllable.

when alveolar nasal is preceded by a velar (e.g., tekne [tEknE] not [tEkNE]) or bilabial stop (e.g., flebnem [SEbnEm] not [SEbmEm]), it does not assimilate in place of articulation suggesting that place of articulation is not a progressive process.

The words which have two consonants together without an
intervening vowel is called consonant cluster.

“Phonology is concerned with the organization of speech” (Clark and Yallop,
1991:2). Described as such, phonology deals with how sounds pattern together.
Each language has its own set of rules of which sounds can occur together and
which sounds cannot, which sounds can occur in which environment or position
within a word. This unit focuses on three major phonological processes in Turkish
and how the rules of those processes are described.

In 'A' and 'B', the combination of the sounds is such that it is permissible in Turkish. 'C' and 'E' do not seem like Turkish words at first glance because of the word-final ‘-nk’ and 'nç' combinations, but that is a permissible Phonological Processes in Turkish combination word-finally in Turkish as in the words such as ‘renk’, ‘denk’, ‘künk’, or 'gülünç'. However, the word in 'D' has three consonants together without an intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which Turkish does not allow. 'D' is the correct option.

According to 'Final Devoicing Rule', 'B', 'C', 'D' and 'E' cannot be acceptable in Turkish because Turkish does not allow voiced stops (b,d,g) and affricate (dZ) to occur in word-final position. 'A' is the correct option.

Some of the languages which utilize final devoicing rule are German, Russian, Polish, and Catalan. 'E' is the correct option.