TÜRK SİYASETİ

Janissaries are the professional troops in the Ottoman army. They were recruited from among Balkan Christians, converted to Islam, given a thorough education, and placed in high rank in Ottoman military society.

Nizam-ı Cedit was established by Selim III.

Nizam-ı Cedit was established by Selim III in 1792.

The first coup attempt in the Ottoman period was the Kuleli Incident.

The Committee of Union and Progress was founded in 1889.

The Committee of Union and Progress was founded in 1889, secretly by the military medical students.

The common motivation that united the founders of the association was the opposition to the administration of Sultan Abdulhamid II.

NATO was founded in the leadership of the United States.

In the early years of the “Cold War”, NATO was founded in the leadership of the United States against the “danger of communism”.

The most important development in this coalition period was the Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974.

Janissaries were professional troops in the Ottoman army. They were recruited from among Balkan Christians, converted to Islam, given a thorough education, and placed in high rank in Ottoman military society (Newby, 2004, p. 113). The correct answer is A.

The first coup attempt in the Ottoman period was the Kuleli Incident, which happened in 1859. The correct answer is B.

On April 13, 1909, the First Army troops, loyal to the Sultan, deployed in İstanbul and launched an uprising. This incident was referred to as “31 March Incident” (Ahmad, 2016, p. 22), since it happened on March 31 according to the Julian calendar which was in use at that time in the empire. The First Army was also supported by retired military officers and by civilians as well. The correct answer is C.

In April of 1925, an uprising in Diyarbakir called “Şeyh Said Rebellion” started. The rebellion spread to specific cities in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia in a short time. The rebels were apparently using a religious discourse and objecting to the secular character of the new regime. The rebellion was harshly reacted by the government. Firstly, Prime Minister Fethi (Okyar) Bey resigned and İsmet (İnönü) Pasha became the new prime minister. The correct answer is D.

After the death of Atatürk, the army’s influence was obviously seen in the debates on who would be elected instead. İsmet İnönü, who had been a
prime minister for a long time during Atatürk’s presidency, was removed from this position in 1937. Celal Bayar, the prime minister in 1937, was one of the candidates for the presidency. Another possible candidate was the Chief of General Staff Fevzi Çakmak. However, Çakmak preferred to stay as the head of the army. During the election process, most of the generals in the army supported İsmet İnönü’s presidency and he was elected the president. The correct answer is E.

The head of the coup was the former Commander of the Land Forces Cemal Gürsel who had recently retired. By choosing a retired top general as the leader of the junta, the coup plotters were trying to prevent a possible dissolution among themselves. The correct answer is A.

On March 12, 1971, the “military memorandum” was presented to the president and the government of Süleyman Demirel was asked to resign immediately. Instead, it was demanded to establish a new government, which was expected to consist of politically neutral names. Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel resigned the same day of the memorandum. The correct answer is B.

In the 1983 elections, The ANAP won the majority of the seats in the parliament and Turgut Özal’s first government was established under his prime ministry. The correct answer is C.

On February 28, 1997, the National Security Council which convenes on a monthly basis was held under the chairmanship of President Demirel. At the meeting, the report of “Precautions to be Taken Against the Anti-Regime Movements” which was prepared by the National Intelligence Organization at the request of Naval Commander Güven Erkaya was read. In fact, the military issued a stern memorandum against the Erbakan led coalition government on February 28. The correct answer is D.

It was understood that the main actors of the coup attempt were the militants of a terrorist organization which is named Fetullahist Terrorist Organization/Parallel State Constitution (FETÖ/PDY). The correct answer is E.