TÜRK SİYASETİ

The third model bears the name of ‘multiple beliefs’, and is seen in countries such as the Netherlands and Germany, where the state is in equal distance to all religions and helps them to coordinate their support to their communities. This is defined as ‘equality and freedom for all’.

Guy Haarscher (2018) divides secularization into four different types. The first one pertains to the Catholic tradition and is named in French as ‘lai’cité’. Belgium, France, Spain, Luxemburg, Portugal, Austria belong to this tradition, where the state has become everybody’s state through exterminating dogmatism, intolerance, and the spirit of dependency, characteristics that are identical with Catholicism.

Auguste Comte, who is considered to be the father of sociology, claimed that all societies are doomed to go through three stages of evolution called theological, metaphysical, and finally positive.

The reforms were initiated primarily on the military field since improvements in the armed forces were thought to have a positive influence on the state to regain its political power. However, when this expectation was proved to be wrong in some time, other measures in administrative, legal and economic areas were taken.

The secularization of the state and education was followed by reforms on the secularization of law. The Swiss Civil Code and the Italian Penal Code were adopted by the state in 1926.

The secularization of the state and education was followed by reforms on the secularization of law. The Swiss Civil Code and the Italian Penal Code were adopted by the state in 1926.

Probably the most significant development towards the change of religious symbols was the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928. To that day, Turkish language had been written in Arabic letters, which was considered as a trace of the Ottoman heritage and Islamic tradition. Thus, the alteration of the alphabet was claimed to be a major sign of secularization and modernization.

In the bipolar world that emerged during the Cold War period after the Second World War, Turkey positioned itself as an ally of the United States of America. The U.S.A provided financial support to certain countries like Turkey and Greece to gain allies against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

DP won three consecutive elections between 1950 and 1960 and maintained its power. With May 27, 1960 coup, Democrat Party was closed and the state was governed by military forces until the elections in 1961.

Opening of İmam-Hatip schools at the secondary level was put into practice by the Democrat Party. In 1951, four-year schools training İmam-Hatips after primary level, and after 1953, İmam-Hatip schools at the secondary level were opened.

secularism is a political doctrine aiming to withdraw religion from political, social and economic life.

Guy Haarscher (2018) divides secularization into four different types. The first one pertains to the Catholic tradition and is named in French as ‘lai’cité’. Belgium, France, Spain, Luxemburg, Portugal, Austria belong to this tradition, where the state has become everybody’s state through exterminating dogmatism, intolerance, and the spirit of dependency, characteristics that are identical with Catholicism.

The third model bears the name of ‘multiple beliefs’, and is seen in countries such as the Netherlands and Germany, where the state is in equal distance to all religions and helps them to coordinate their support to their communities. This is defined as ‘equality and freedom for all’. To exemplify, in the Netherlands, the Catholics, Protestants and the socialists have founded their own hospitals, unions, sports clubs and mass communication media.

The fourth type of secularization is unique with religion being a component of the national identity. In Greece and in Ireland, for instance, religion is considered as the cement of the national identity against an imperialist enemy.

Auguste Comte, who is considered to be the father of sociology, claimed that all societies are doomed to go through three stages of evolution called theological, metaphysical, and finally positive. In the theological stage, god is the central reference for humans to explain natural and social realities. In the metaphysical stage, the central reference becomes certain abstract supernatural powers whereas in the final stage people refer to the power of mind and positive sciences to explain the unknown.

The paradigm of secularization is defined in terms of three major developments in the process of modernization, which are differentiation, decline of religion, and privatization.

Differentiation is both used to refer to the differentiation of economy, state and science from religion, and also religion being specialized into sections in its own sphere. The institutions of the society such as the market and the state in the modern world had to emancipate from religion and become autonomous walks of life so that they could exert power on all social systems. Meanwhile, religion also differentiated in itself into sects especially in Christianity, where Catholicism was challenged by Protestantism. For the first time in history, religion disclosed itself into its own boundaries and specialized in itself, which resulted in a loss of its strength on other institutions of the society. What caused this differentiation process are the Protestant Reformation, the formation of the nation-state and modern capitalism, and lastly the scientific revolution in the early modern era.

The first and a major development towards the secularization of the state, education and law is the abolishment of Sultanate before the declaration of the republic in 1923. In 1922, the Sultanate was abolished in order to remove the dichotomy between the last Ottoman government and the government in Ankara led by Mustafa Kemal. The second major development towards the secularization of the state was the abolishment of the Caliphate, which was a religious position for leading all the Muslims around the world. By the abolishment of the Caliphate, all members of the Osmanoğlu Dynasty were also sent abroad. Third, in 1928, the clause that made Islam the religion of the state of Turkey was removed from the constitution.

On January 7, 1946, Democrat Party (DP) was founded by Celal Bayar.

Necmettin Erbakan, an engineering professor with a successful academic career, ran for candidacy for the member of parliament from AP in 1969 elections but refused by Demirel. He ran for independent candidacy and was elected to parliament from Konya in 1969 elections. Later, with 17 other members, he founded National Order Party (MNP). When his party was closed as a consequence of 1971 military note, he founded a new party named National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi-MSP). MSP became one of the key parties of Turkish politics in both 1973 and 1977 elections by taking part in coalition governments. Both of these parties founded by Erbakan pursued a political ideology based on the synthesis of conservatism and developmentalism. Another major dimension of his parties was the focus on social justice.