TÜRK SİYASETİ

The Deed of Alliance was regarded as the starting point of Turkey’s step towards creating a constitutional government. The deed was signed in October 1808 between the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Mahmud II and the representatives of provincial notables (Ayan). Alemdar Mustafa Pasha invited all leading notables to attend a conference in Istanbul and all parts agreed on the Deed of Alliance. The deed consisted of an introduction, seven articles and an appendix. Doğru cevap " A " dır.

Magna Carta is a legal document issued in 1215 by the king of the British Empire which granted certain human rights. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1799 – 1857). Son of a scribe. Started his career in the chancery as a protégé of his brother-inlaw, Seyyit Ali Pasha. Ottoman ambassador in Paris and London. Minister of foreign affairs in 1836. Led the pro-British faction at the Porte and took the initiative for the trade treaty of 1838 and the reform edict of 1839. Six times grand vizier (sadrazam) after 1845. Architect of the reforms of 1840s and early 1850s (Zürcher, 2017). Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Legal Immunity is a legal status that ensures an individual cannot be held liable for a violation of law. Legal immunity was granted for the Sultan. The Sultan was the head of the cabinet and had the right to appoint and dismiss the members of
the cabinet. The cabinet didn’t have to obtain the vote of confidence from the parliament and had no political responsibility. Doğru cevap " D " dir.

The constitution of 1921 was a short constitution including 23 articles but it was an important document. This constitution did not contain any articles regarding the character of the political system. There was no article regarding the future of the sultanate and the caliphate. Doğru cevap " E " dir.

The assembly government model is the political model that the Assembly controls the power of legislature and the power of executive. The political system that the constitution created was an example of the assembly government model. Legislative and Executive powers were vested in the Assembly and it controlled the ministers. The Assembly could remove ministers from their position. The Assembly enacted laws when needed and exercised its executive power over the cabinet (İcra Vekilleri Heyeti). Doğru cevap " A " dır.

The constitution of 1924 can be regarded as a hard constitutional document. In order to enact a constitutional law, a legislative proposal had to be offered by one-third of the assembly and had to be adopted by two-thirds of the majority. While a hard constitution is difficult to alter, it is relatively easy to alter a soft constitution, for example, by a simple vote of the legislature. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

Natural law is a universal, obligatory set of rules for action and derived from nature. This set of rules applies to all mankind. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

The separation of powers refers to dividing the political authority of the state into legislative, executive and judicial powers. The purpose is to prevent the concentration of power. Doğru cevap " D " dir.

The constitution is a long document based on a comprehensive ideology, which was Kemalizm. The constitution values state over individual and it is built on the philosophy that brushes aside human rights and freedoms. It could be regarded as taking a step back in the history of constitution making of Turkey. The state centric understanding of society, individual and politics are found all through the constitution. Even every word of state starts with capital S in the document (Erdoğan, 2009, p. 157-158). Doğru cevap " E " dir.

"The separation of powers is a tool to prevent arbitrary government." (See page 124.    The correct answer is (B).

The United States of America Constitution is the oldest written constitution in
the World. It was adopted in 1787 followed by he 1791 French Constitution, the 1809 Sweden  Constitution and the 1812 Spain Constitution (p. 123) 

The correct answer is (A).

The similarity is that these are agreements signed between the Monarchs and the elites of the two countries. The correct answer is (E).

"The Edict of Tanzimat was a statement of desire on behalf of the Sultan, promising four basic reforms (Zürcher, 2004, p. 51):
• The installation of guarantees for the life, honor and property of all Ottoman’s
subjects
• A fair system of taxation and the abolition of tax farming (iltizam)
• A system of conscription for the military
• Equality before the law of all subjects, irrespective of religion"  (p.124) 

Since all of the above is correct, the answer is (E)

(C) is the correct answer.

(B) is the correct answer.

In this model, the Assembly controls the power of the legislature and the power of the executive.  They make laws and they take place in the administration. The correct answer is (C).

The constitution of 1924 granted the following human rights and freedoms: personal rights and security, equality, the prohibition of torture, confiscation and forced labor, the freedom of conscience, the right to private property, the
freedom of the press, the right to form association, the right to petition, the right to an education, the right to vote and to be elected and a legal judicial
process.

The correct answer is (E).

The correct answer is (C).  "The Constitution of 1961 is distinctive from the previous constitutions with regard to the separation of powers." (p. 132)

The correct answer is (E).