TÜRK SİYASETİ

The ideology of nationalism changed the view of the traditional Monarch-Subject (Teba) in the Ottoman Empire.

Kemalism does not have Turanist or Pan-Turkist aims.

Liberal nationalism tries to synthesize nationalism with liberal values such as democracy and the rule of law. Conservative nationalism has an understanding compatible with the status quo against revolutionary approaches. Expansionist nationalism represents the aggressive direction of this ideology. Left nationalism is more associated with an anti-imperialist approach.

Pan-Turkism or Turanism, which is presented as a solution of saving the Ottoman Empire, advocates the unity of the Turkish communities in Central Asia under a single political framework.

The synthesis that Ziya Gökalp sought to establish among Turk, Islam and Modernity is also the beginning of works in this direction.

According to conservatism, society involves a natural inequality.

Option B is related to directly to Turkish conservatism.

The main aim of socialism is to end the exploitation relations between the oppressor and the oppressed. B is related to liberalism, C and E are about conservatism and D is about  Liberal nationalism.

Hüseyin (iştirakçi) Hilmi is known as known as the founding father of the socialist movement in Turkey.

D is about feminism, C is about Islamism, B is about socialism, A is about conservatism.

The spread of feminism in Turkey has taken place after the 1990s. In this period many women’s associations were established and the topic of women began to appear in academy. In many universities women’s research centers, institutes, master sciences and postgraduate programs have been opened.

The currents of thought that emerged in the 19th century in the Ottoman Empire are a product of these historical conditions. These thoughts expressed by the Ottoman intellectuals are basically prescriptions offered to get rid of these bad conditions. In other words, advocated ideas were being designed and implemented to save the Empire, the state. The seeds of many political movements and ideologies that will arise in the Republic of Turkey were laid in this period. In this context, the currents of thought such as Ottomanism, Panislamism, Turkism, Turanism were advocated to return the empire to its former strong days and to fend off existing threats. The common ideal of these currents of thought is to ensure unity of the state. In short, these currents do not have a sociological basis that comes from the social background; political projects designed by statesmen and intellectuals. For the empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, the nationalism movement which had strengthened and spread in the 19th century had serious consequences.

The correct answer is D.

Kemalism radically differentiates itself from the previous Ottomanism and Islamism movements in terms of who the nation is. It also ideologically transforms the concept of Turkism from the Ottoman period and places it on the basis of the new secular republic. The understanding of Kemalist nationalism is not expansionist and irredentist. It does not have Turanist or Pan-Turkist aims. Within the national borders it has got homogeneous and anti-pluralist nature. The aim of Kemalism is to build a modern society and the state. But the existing social and political structure is not suitable for this purpose. For this reason, Kemalists first of all try to design society and the state through economic, cultural and legal regulations. This is a kind of social engineering attempt. At this point, nationalism in the modernization project of Kemalism serves the purpose of forming a homogeneous socio-cultural structure with a secular basis.

The correct answer is C.

In the historical process, different kinds of nationalism have emerged: Liberal nationalism tries to synthesize nationalism with liberal values such as democracy and the rule of law. Conservative nationalism has an understanding compatible with the status quo against revolutionary approaches. Expansionist nationalism represents the aggressive direction of this ideology. Left nationalism is more associated with an anti-imperialist approach.

The correct answer is B.

The socialist interpretation of this kind of nationalism has also been influential among the Turkish left-socialists. The father of this idea is Sultan Galiyev. Atilla İlhan voiced this idea in Turkey. We can also find traces of this understanding, which is also presented as a left Kemalism interpretation, in politicians, such as Bülent Ecevit and Deniz Baykal. Also unlike left Kemalism from some aspects, novelist Kemal Tahir is another important name of left nationalism.

The correct answer is A.

When we look at the foundations of the socialist / communist movement in the 1920s, three organizational roots can be mentioned. The first one is the Turkish Communist Party (Türkiye Komünist Partisi-TKP), established in 1920 under the leadership of Mustafa Suphi.

The correct answer is A.

The first generation Islamists played a role between 1850-1924 years. The main channel of the first generation Islamists is the magazine of Sırat-ı Müstakim (later called Sebilürreşat) which intellectuals such as Mehmet Akif, Eşref Edip and Babanzade Ahmed Naim published in the Second Constitutional period. In addition, Namık Kemal, Ali Suavi and Said Halim Pasha are among the important thinkers of Islamist thought in this period. 

The correct answer is B.

The team that published the Kadro Magazine to synthesize socialism with Kemalism : Vedat Nedim, Burhan Asaf, Yakup Kadri, Mehmet Şevki, Şevket Süreyya, İsmail Hüsrev.

The correct answer is B.

A small socialist (İştirak) movement was the first organization that openly identified itself with socialism in Turkey. This socialist movement was organized around Hüseyin (iştirakçi) Hilmi, known as known as the founding father of the socialist movement in Turkey. This small group formed the Ottoman Socialist Party (Osmanlı Sosyalist Fırkası).

The correct answer is A.

The second generation of Islamic movement has developed over two main channels. The first one is the movements following important religious leaders such as Said Nursi and Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan coming from the traditional Islamic education system. The second one was developed through intellectuals such as Necip Fazıl Kısakürek and Nurettin Topçu who grew up in the secular education system of the Republican period and mastered Western literature rather than Islamic literature.

The correct answer is D.