TÜRK SİYASETİ

The ruling class included the palace, army members, civil servants, and education and judicial officials (ulema). The farmers were not among the ruling class.  The correct answer is (E).

The centre-periphery division was maintained through the clash between the modern-secular elite and the liberal-conservative elite.

The Second Constitutional Era is a period when organised parties and competing emerged for the first time.  Among the first political parties,  the Committee of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti-İTC) was among the most important during the years of 1908-1918.

The ideological label which is generally attributed to İTC, is Turkism. It should be noted that Turkism of İTC is not an ideological attitude determined from the beginning, but it is the result of certain conditions and necessities. It is a fact that  İTC was influenced by the nationalist ideas of the French Revolution.

Sultan Abdülhamis was dethroned after the 31 March Incident.

This is The Sivas Congress

According to According to Duverger. a French researcher,  one-party in Turkey has never been based on a One-party doctrine, it did not recognize the one-party monopoly of an official nature, or even because of this political monopoly
has been heard of embarrassment and discomfort. The Order introduced by the One Party is more democratic than before. 

So the correct answer is (C).

DP’s social support is far from homogeneity, resembling a coalition, including all the groups above.  So, the correct answer is (E).

Social stability is the correct answer according to your textbook.

The first and perhaps most important of the reasons is that Turkey, as a dynamic social structure and having an extension of social change, is also undergoing a  rapid transformation of the political structure. The electoral system cannot keep up with the changing system of parties. For example, an electoral system
suitable for the structure of parties with two large mass parties is beginning to produce negative results as the political party system evolves into a
structure with many and close parties. The second reason is that there is no consensus between the social and political elites on the expectations of the
elections and the objectives of the electoral system.