TÜRK SİYASETİ - Deneme Sınavı - 7

The postmodern coup took place on 28th February. The correct answer is E.

All of the factors diminished the importance of religion in Europe.

"Auguste Comte, who is considered to be the father of sociology, claimed that all societies are doomed to go through three stages of evolution called theological, metaphysical, and finally positive. In the theological stage, god is the central reference for humans to explain natural and social realities. In the metaphysical stage, the central reference becomes certain abstract supernatural powers whereas in the final stage people refer to the power of mind and positive sciences to explain the unknown. This shows that religion has lost its prevalence in the last stage of human understanding." (page 148)  The correct answer is (C).

The role of religion becomes less and less important.

The correct answer is all of the above.

The ulema rarely interfered in the affairs of state whenever the State allowed them to do so or when the state became less powerful. The correct answer is (B).

The correct answer is (A).

The correct answer is (B).

They could maintain their positions and they legalized the reforms by basing them on religion.  The correct answer is (D).

(A) is the correct answer: education and law, measures taken against religious symbols, and social life

All the factors in (A)-(D) were the reasons.

The military units affiliated with the palace who took advantage of the new war technology opened fire on the janissaries. Many janissaries lost their lives in this attempt of rebellion, and the rest of them surrendered or fled. This event, known as Vakayı Hayriye, enabled the Ottoman Empire to get rid of the last traces of the traditional military system (Lewis, 1998, p. 81). A new army was established by Sultan Mahmud II under the name of Asakar-i Mansure-i Muhammediye. Thus, the Ottoman state formed a completely “modern” army system. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The first coup attempt in the Ottoman period was the Kuleli Incident, which happened in 1859. Some soldiers and civilians planned a coup in cooperation in order to dethrone Sultan Abdulmecid and replace him with Abdulaziz. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In 1876, Sultan Abdulhamid II declared the Constitution of 1876 (Kanun-i Esasi) which started the “First Constitutional Era”. In this process, the Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-i Mebusan) began to work with the elected members. However, the Sultan closed the parliament indefinitely in 1878 and the constitution was suspended even though the implement of the reform projects was continued by Abdulhamid II. Due to many internal and external problems in the same period, the Sultan did not reopen the parliament. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The Karakol Society, also known as Sentinel Association, was a secret and unofficial intelligence organization established after the occupation of İstanbul. Talat Pasha ordered the establishment of the organization. Its founders were Kara Kemal Bey and Kara Vasıf Bey. The society was called “kara-kol”; because the nicknames of both founders are “kara”. Karakol organized the soldiers and secretly carried weapons in Anatolia during the War of Independence. In addition, the members of the Karakol Society organized the first resistance organizations in different parts of Anatolia. This society is regarded as one of the constituents of the Turkish National Intelligence Organization. Therefore, the correct option is D.

At the end of the meetings between the İstanbul government and this committee, it was decided that the parliament reopen (Meclis-i Mebusan) as soon as possible. The most important function of the parliament which gathered on January 12, 1920 was to accept the “Misak-ı Milli” (National Pact). Upon this decision, İstanbul was officially occupied by the entente states. Some parliament members were arrested and sent to exile in Malta while some members of the parliament were able to leave İstanbul and move to Ankara. As a result, it was announced that an assembly would gather in Ankara in April 23, 1920. The New Assembly consisted of newly elected members and the members of the dissolved parliament in İstanbul. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected as the chairman of the new parliament, the Grand National Assembly. Therefore, the correct option is B.

According to the 1950 election results, the opposition party DP reached the majority of the seats in parliament. Thus, for the first time after the establishment of the Republic, a party apart from the CHP formed the government. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Some practices in the last period of the DP government encouraged the military officers who were in search of a military intervention. Criticisms about the authoritarian rule of the government led some intellectuals to cooperate with the pro-junta groups in the army. 

The junta took control of the city centres, especially the capital city Ankara, in the morning of May 27th.

A special court which was called “the Supreme Court of Justice” was established.

Because the coup was not achieved in a chain of command, a serious confusion arose on managing the post-coup period. For this reason, the architects of the coup formed a commission which was called the National Unity Committee (Milli Birlik Komitesi).

After the coup, most of the high ranking military officers who had served in the DP government were retired.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

After the May 27 coup d’état, almost 5,000 military officers were made to retire including the generals and admirals in the army. These officers set up a non-governmental organization called the “Association of Retired Revolutionary Officers” (Emekli İnkılap Subayları Derneği) to return to the army. EMİNSU is the short name of this association. For this reason, members of the association were called EMİNSU. The association was closed after the September 12, 1980 coup d’état. Therefore, the correct option is C.

In 1980 many politicians were “banned” from politics. Only three parties had the right to enter the elections. These were the Motherland Party (Anavatan Partisi-ANAP), the Populist Party (Halkçı Parti-HP) and the Nationalist Democracy Party (Milliyetçi Demokrasi Partisi-MDP). Therefore, the correct option is C.