TÜRK SİYASETİ - Deneme Sınavı - 4

The most important development in this coalition period was the Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974.

Janissaries were professional troops in the Ottoman army. They were recruited from among Balkan Christians, converted to Islam, given a thorough education, and placed in high rank in Ottoman military society (Newby, 2004, p. 113). The correct answer is A.

The first coup attempt in the Ottoman period was the Kuleli Incident, which happened in 1859. The correct answer is B.

On April 13, 1909, the First Army troops, loyal to the Sultan, deployed in İstanbul and launched an uprising. This incident was referred to as “31 March Incident” (Ahmad, 2016, p. 22), since it happened on March 31 according to the Julian calendar which was in use at that time in the empire. The First Army was also supported by retired military officers and by civilians as well. The correct answer is C.

In April of 1925, an uprising in Diyarbakir called “Şeyh Said Rebellion” started. The rebellion spread to specific cities in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia in a short time. The rebels were apparently using a religious discourse and objecting to the secular character of the new regime. The rebellion was harshly reacted by the government. Firstly, Prime Minister Fethi (Okyar) Bey resigned and İsmet (İnönü) Pasha became the new prime minister. The correct answer is D.

After the death of Atatürk, the army’s influence was obviously seen in the debates on who would be elected instead. İsmet İnönü, who had been a
prime minister for a long time during Atatürk’s presidency, was removed from this position in 1937. Celal Bayar, the prime minister in 1937, was one of the candidates for the presidency. Another possible candidate was the Chief of General Staff Fevzi Çakmak. However, Çakmak preferred to stay as the head of the army. During the election process, most of the generals in the army supported İsmet İnönü’s presidency and he was elected the president. The correct answer is E.

The head of the coup was the former Commander of the Land Forces Cemal Gürsel who had recently retired. By choosing a retired top general as the leader of the junta, the coup plotters were trying to prevent a possible dissolution among themselves. The correct answer is A.

On March 12, 1971, the “military memorandum” was presented to the president and the government of Süleyman Demirel was asked to resign immediately. Instead, it was demanded to establish a new government, which was expected to consist of politically neutral names. Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel resigned the same day of the memorandum. The correct answer is B.

In the 1983 elections, The ANAP won the majority of the seats in the parliament and Turgut Özal’s first government was established under his prime ministry. The correct answer is C.

On February 28, 1997, the National Security Council which convenes on a monthly basis was held under the chairmanship of President Demirel. At the meeting, the report of “Precautions to be Taken Against the Anti-Regime Movements” which was prepared by the National Intelligence Organization at the request of Naval Commander Güven Erkaya was read. In fact, the military issued a stern memorandum against the Erbakan led coalition government on February 28. The correct answer is D.

It was understood that the main actors of the coup attempt were the militants of a terrorist organization which is named Fetullahist Terrorist Organization/Parallel State Constitution (FETÖ/PDY). The correct answer is E.

The Ottoman state developed three social institutions, the devşirme (enslaved children levied from the Christian population of the Balkans, then trained as servants of the sultan), millet, and the guild system. The devşirme system provided an army of bureaucrats and soldiers with no ethnic, family, or regional loyalties other than those owed to the state. The devşirme system degenerated and came to an end by the 17th century.

The reforms in the land system during the 17th and 18th centuries replaced sipahis with ayans (people with tax collecting privileges on agricultural production). The land continued to be redistributed to the surviving ayans and continually re-divided.

The first bank, the Ottoman Bank, was established as a Franco-British partnership in 1863 and functioned almost like a central bank in Turkey. It was established to bankroll the state, issue banknotes, and to put the state’s finances in order. The Ottoman state possessed limited control over the activities of the bank; and hence, over monetary policy.

The official economic policy of the mid-1920s conveyed the objectives phrased by the organization of the National Economic Congress in 1923. The representatives of all economic classes were represented, ‘though on a selective and not truly democratic basis’ (Hershlag, 1988, p. 1). The congress stressed the importance of private economy although both the representatives of economy and politics did not sincerely believe in market economy.

Protection of the Turkish currency and the restriction of foreign trade activities were necessary components of politico-economic engineering. The government continued its own program to support domestic industry and to nationalize foreign capital especially in the field of public services with the resources drawn from agricultural taxation.

The business community discussed etatism, taxation, foreign trade, bureaucracy and centralism, and demanded the withdrawal of several restrictive policies and the restructuring of the chambers as an autonomous organization (Birtek, 1985; Buğra, 1994). Although the congress did not demand the abolition of the etatism completely, it signaled the emergence of a strong opposition to CHP and its interpretation of the etatism. They requested a nonpartisan economic commission to carry out a new economic plan to foster rapid industrial development.

The minority government of AP, with a standby agreement with IMF, prepared the structural adjustment programs (SAP) known as ‘24 January measures’. The main policy recommendations included: Removing state control over interests and prices and increasing competition for state enterprises, avoiding the destabilization of the economy through making arrangements to cope with inflation and external debt accumulation, shifting from import substitution to an export promotion strategy and import liberalization, concentration of public investment on the energy and transportation infrastructure rather than manufacturing.

The government supported exports and constrained total national consumption through several measures such as the introduction of Value Added Tax (and low wage levels). The drive for export was fuelled by export tax rebates, duty-free imports of raw materials and subsidized credits. As a result of these incentives, manufactured consumer goods constituted 72 per cent of exports in 1992, an increase from one third of exports in 1980 (İlkin, 1991). Between 1981 and 1985 exporters received tax rebates and subsidized credit while non-exporting firms faced difficulties to get cheap borrowings.

In the 1960s, the domestic industry (with the almost total exclusion of foreign consumer goods) captured local markets with high profit margins. A competition-free environment, however, caused misallocation of resources and a maximization of costs in industry. The favorable exchange rates accorded to the investment goods contributed to the capital-intensive industries, which were characterized, by low efficiency and high costs as a result of being domestically oriented (Barkey, 1984). Low industrial efficiency was the result of Turkish development planning, which emphasized high growth rates through a large allocation of investment to import-substituted basic industry and the direction and the use of administrative regulation rather than incentives to ensure the effective functioning of the market.