TÜRK SİYASETİ - Deneme Sınavı - 2

The Italian, German, and Soviet experiences provided an ideological backup to the etatist wing of CHP, which increasingly advocated more state intervention for rapid industrialization. ‘Rather than the state being the handmaiden of a growing private sector, it was now to seize the “commanding heights” of the economy and bend the private sector to its will’ (Richards and Waterbury, 1996, p. 178). The first Five-Year Economic Plan declared its objective as to invest in areas where private sector could not. One may think that these areas are those which require huge projects like building transportation network such as highways and airports or investing in energy sector like building hydroelectric dams or energy plants. Instead, the aim of the Plan was to produce basic consumption goods at home. Within a few decades, the Turkish state created major industrial enterprises, which produced, almost every kind of commodities such as tobacco, sugar, shoe, textiles, power generations, iron, chemicals, and cement. This indeed narrowed down the sphere of the private sector (Richards and Waterbury, 1996, p. 179). More state banks were founded to plan, finance and invest in different industries. The main side-effect of state-managed industrialization was a growing number of civil servants and public sector workers numbering - excluding military officers - 184,000 in 1945.

The Ottoman Empire charged only 3 per cent duty on imports. Thus, the answer is B.

Until 1750, Ottoman manufacturers had competed mainly with their Indian and Iranian counterparts. Thus, the answer is A.

The first bank, the Ottoman Bank, was established as a Franco-British partnership in 1863 and functioned almost like a central bank in Turkey. It was established to bankroll the state, issue banknotes, and to put the state’s finances in order. The Ottoman state possessed limited control over the activities of the bank; and hence, over monetary policy. Thus, the answer is D.

When World War I ended, the Ottoman Empire lost its independence to the occupying forces: Britain, France, Italy and Greece. Accordingly, The answer is D.

İş Bankası is considered to be the first private bank established in Turkey. Thus, the answer is B.

The Etatist experiment in the economy was put into force in Turkey in 1933.

The first person to vocalize the Etatist experiment in the economy in Turkey was İsmet İnönü. Thus, the answer is B.

Vehbi Koç initiated the establishment of TÜSİAD in 1971. Thus, the answer is C.

The most important structural changes in terms of the shift to a market economy were the abolition of the law of protection of the Turkish Lira (1990), the introduction of Capital Market Law (1981) which envisaged the reopening of the Istanbul Stock Exchange and the establishment of the Capital Market Board (1985), the liberalization of foreign exchange operations and international capital (1989), liberalization of the banking sector (1990), increasing the autonomy of the Central Bank and the Treasury from political interventions. Thus, the answer is E.

Turkey entered into a more liberal economic and political era. Thus, the answer is D.

The Ottoman state developed three social institutions, the devşirme, millet, and the guild system.

The devşirme (enslaved children levied from the Christian population of the Balkans, then trained as servants of the sultan).

With the millet system, the state developed a quasi-legal framework in which non-Muslim minorities were recognized as selfautonomous groups in their internal affairs.

Lastly the guild system was used to regulate economic life, collect taxes on craftsmen and commodities, and meet the needs of the army.

The state was the ultimate owner of the land and distributed the land to the fief-holders (Sipahi).

The bureaucrats and military officers, influenced by a western type of education and ideologies, organized within the Committee of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti-İTC) as an offspring of the Young Turk movement.

The sultanate was abolished and the new republic was acclaimed on the 29th of October 1923.

Because the state did not want an independentminded private sector.

Instead, the aim of the Plan was to produce basic consumption goods at home.