TÜRK SİYASETİ - Deneme Sınavı - 9

The correct answer is (B).

Since Plato and Aristotle at least one definition of politics is based on the idea of a good and just life.

Germanword Kulturkampf  “culture struggle”), the bitter struggle (c. 1871–87) on the part of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to subject the Roman Catholic church to state controls.

The correct answer is (A): Read the section "Ottoman Legacy in the Turkish History" on page 7.

Islamism, Nationalism and Ottomanism, as Yusuf Akçura had formulated, were three modern ideologies that were employed by both state and intelligentsia to save the Ottoman Empire and the relative transition to parliamentary democracy in 1950 opened the door for other ideological inclinations, such as socialism and
liberalism, which both had a relatively weak.   The correct answer is (B). 
tradition in Turkey.

"The Coup in 1980 took socialism’s weak social roots down, and political repression made it unrepresentable." (p. 9) The correct answer is (B).

The correct answer is (C).

The correct answer is (A).

The economy ----- including the finacial and the productive markets ----- was controlled by the State. The correct answer is (C).

Narodnik is the correct answer.

In his book titled The Prince, Machiavelli compares the Kingdom of France with the Ottoman Empire. According to him, a single ruler controls the monarchy in the Ottoman Empire; and everyone else is the servant of the ruler. The ruler divides his lands into sanjaks and sends several administrators to those sanjaks and he can change the administrators as he wishes. In a conflict against the ruler, it is not easy to convince the administrators around the ruler or the public. This is exactly why it is not possible to invade and conquer the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the correct option is A.

If we exclusively consider the administrative structure of the Ottoman State during its classic period, the administrators representing the ruler’s authority are located at the top layer of the stratification. These are soldiers, bureaucrats, and clergymen. The other major element of the stratification system consists of the rayah (reaya). The peasants, merchants, and artisans are the components that create this layer. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Ulama (ulema) has a fundamental role with both educational and legal functions. Therefore, the correct option is B.

the primary objective of the political system consisted of taking measures to prevent the radical transformation of the stratification system and maintaining the status quo. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Throughout the three centuries, from the 1300s until the 1600s, the Ottoman Empire was able to protect the status quo of the classical period without any significant obstacles. On the contrary, after the 1600s, it was impossible to maintain this order for various reasons. One of the main reasons is the disintegration of provincial order. When the land system, based on the production of small peasants and a subsistence economy began to be dissolved principally because of the corruption caused by the Sipahis, the control of the land was captured by the landlords and the Christian notables; and millions of peasants experienced harsh conditions. İnalcık argues that this is not an easy transformation, rather the fundamental reason causing the collapse of the empire. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The disintegration of the classical order meant the loss of power for the Ottoman Empire socially and economically, politically and militarily. The defeats, particularly in the military field, were regarded as the biggest problem for the administrator classes, followed by the disintegration of the classical order. Accordingly, there are efforts to implement a series of reform initiatives first in the military field for the restoration of the traditional order. In this regard, during the reign of Selim III and Mahmud II, we observe that many reforms were put into practice. For instance, Selim III attempted to create a new army as an alternative to Janissaries (Yeniçeriler) and hence, he is the one to implement the first major reform initiatives in the military field. Therefore, the correct option is C.

With the disintegration of the timar system, the effectiveness of the small peasantry, whose farming was based on subsistence, diminished in the agricultural production system. Large farms and mansions now replaced the small peasants in this phase. The development of large farms has another meaning for Ottoman economic and social life. The ayans or local notables were considerably strengthened in the system. The empowerment of the ayans is also related to the increase in the demand for agricultural products from abroad (Europe) and the relative liberalization of trade. Consequently, the ayans became a highly effective power in the last decades of the 18th century. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Based on the decisions taken, it could be stated that the signed contract represents a reconciliation between the interests of both the Sultan and ayans. Moreover, Deed of Alliance is considered to be the first constitutional document, through which the powers of the sovereign were limited for the first time, similar to the British Magna Carta that dates back to 1215. In this respect, it certainly represents a very critical step in our political life. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Erzurum Congress was an assembly of Turkish Revolutionaries held from 23 July to 4 August 1919 in the city of Erzurum, in eastern Turkey, in accordance with the previously issued Amasya Circular. The congress united delegates from six eastern provinces (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, many parts of which were under Allied occupation at the time. The major resolutions of the Erzurum Congress:

i) The unity and integrity of the fatherland are in danger; the mother-land is undivided.

ii) By no means nobody will emigrate from the region; the minorities’ destructive and dividing deeds will not be permitted.

iii) Every kind of national struggle is going to be fulfil to protect the independence and integrity of the mother-land.

iv) Mandate and protection are not acceptable. 

Therefore, the correct option is B.

The main purpose of Kemalism was to achieve the ‘contemporary civilization level’. To this end, six principles were introduced by Kemalists. These were Republicanism, Secularism, Nationalism, Populism, Statism, and Reformism. Among these principles, republicanism was certainly at the base of the new regime. Secularism, as the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions, was one of the most significant components of the regime’s political and social project. Therefore, the correct option is A.