TÜRK SİYASETİ - Deneme Sınavı - 11

After the year 1945, a time when USA domination of the world began to shape political affairs at a global scale, “political science” or “politics” has theoretically employed a paradigm, which took politics as a tool of governance to solve practical and technical problems, thus there politics is confined to a mere organon, and generally understood as a system in which political inputsare transformed into political outputs, thus paving the way for a political situation in an advanced capitalist society where citizens are conditioned as costumers economically, and as voters politically, leaving aside all cultural, historical and sociological elements that are embodied in society as conflicts and contradictions. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. The informaton related to the other years in the answer choices are as follows:

1871: Kulturkampf, (German: “culture struggle”), the bitter struggle (c. 1871–87) on the part of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to subject the Roman Catholic church to state controls.

1873: The term “Kulturkampf” came into use in 1873, when the scientist and Prussian liberal statesman Rudolf Virchow declared that the battle with the Roman Catholics was assuming “the character of a great struggle in the interest of humanity.

1932: The People’s Houses, Halk Evleri, were established in 1931/32.

1950: The relative transition to parliamentary democracy in 1950 opened the door for other ideological inclinations, such as socialism and liberalism, which both had a relatively weak tradition in Turkey.

The studies of political life in different societies have examined political totality as the analysis of political process and political evolution in a determined period of time, which would have to be resulted, as expected, in some form of democracy, thus attached to a teleological reading of the political in terms of a Western pattern; and an articulation of political concepts and values into a given political reality. Therefore it is possible to claim here that such a task has two dimensions one is based on the analytic, the other is on synthetic undertaking. In the first dimension, we have political institutions, transformations, processes, and values; political ideologies, concepts and visions in the second. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. "Political ideologies" are related to sythetic undertaking.

The studies of political life in different societies have examined political totality as the analysis of political process and political evolution in a determined period of time, which would have to be resulted, as expected, in some form of democracy, thus attached to a teleological reading of the political in terms of a Western pattern; and an articulation of political concepts and values into a given political reality. Therefore it is possible to claim here that such a task has two dimensions one is based on the analytic, the other is on synthetic undertaking. In the first dimension, we have political institutions, transformations, processes, and values; political ideologies, concepts and visions in the second. Since conflicts, contradictions and struggles that emerge from the very nature of political affairs are the core of the political, therefore in the understanding of the political, in addition to conditional and actual problems and issues (the political level 1, the structure of politics), we are in the realm of almost an eternal strive for the better whether it is formulated in the form of a demand for equality, dignity, solidarity and justice (the political level 2, the aim of politics). As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All the concepts given in the answer choices describe the concepts related to the aim of politics and formulated in the form of a demand for.

The studies of political life in different societies have examined political totality as the analysis of political process and political evolution in a determined period of time, which would have to be resulted, as expected, in some form of democracy, thus attached to a teleological reading of the political in terms of a Western pattern; and an articulation of political concepts and values into a given political reality. Therefore it is possible to claim here that such a task has two dimensions one is based on the analytic, the other is on synthetic undertaking. In the first dimension, we have political institutions, transformations, processes, and values; political ideologies, concepts and visions in the second. Since conflicts, contradictions and struggles that emerge from the very nature of political affairs are the core of the political, therefore in the understanding of the political, in addition to conditional and actual problems and issues (the political level 1, the structure of politics), we are in the realm of almost an eternal strive for the better whether it is formulated in the form of a demand for equality, dignity, solidarity and justice (the political level 2, the aim of politics). Turkey as a country and society is not an exception to this determination. So we have to understand politics as it has been constructed, produced and reproduced in political imagination. There are certain limits to that imagination. And they come most from actual and historical factors. Every society is a society of its own history, in other words, every society is a product of its own history. With this unique “historical” touch, politics and its elements in every society have been overdetermined from the very beginning. Unless history is taken into consideration, politics would mean nothing but means and strategies which have been used in a game of power among states, individuals or classes in a vacuum. As can be understood from the information given, all the statements in the answer choices might be used in order to explicate that unless history is taken into consideration politics would mean nothing but means and strategies which have been used in a game of power among states, individuals or classes in a vacuum, so the correct answer is E.

In the study of political processes and instituions, the connection among history, culture and economy, and their interrelatedness must be contextualized. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

Politics is the name of the social institution, but an important and functional institution in the reproduction of society. It fills a place within social totality together with other social instutitons, either determining them or determined by them, but in the last instance, it is politics that decides the outcome whether it is a question of religiosity, of economy, and of social. Every politics includes a value-laden act. Politics in action means subjects, for politics is actualized through subjects, to put it boldly, politics in action requires subjects, who are politically motivated individuals, groups, strata and classes, and hence become “political subjects.” As can be understood from the information given all the statements in the answer choices can be used in order to define the term “politics”, so the correct answer is E.

The essential element in any given social and political process is the subject, who may be man or woman, poor or rich, old or young, educated or uneducated, conservative or liberal. The list includes an indefinite dichotomy, and it could go further. Subject in this sense dissolves in many figurations based on social, political, cultural and gender differentiations. Subjectivization is a process the subject becomes itself, but the moment subject accepts itself as it is, an objective crack appears between subject and its representation. This failure accomodates acts of subjectivization through which subject tries to redefine, rebuild and reasserts itself on the political scene. Subjectness is not a permanent position, and it is not a solid configuration which does not change. Therefore a “voter” is not simply someone who just gives his/her vote, and then settles down. A “worker” is not someone who just works at workplace and continues to do so. An ideologically motivated person in a political movement has also a daily life to deal with. A woman is not just a woman with only a biological disposition to rely on, but she has also other features to be defined. She is, for instance, also the mother of future of a nation to be called upon in a nationalist discourse, an emancipatory subject for feminist movement. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All the differentations in the answer choices express the differentations in which the subject in any given social and political process dissolves in.

Culture is a very powerful element in the formation of political in changing circumstances, but let us forget that it is still only one among many elements which do shape political conflicts. Kulturkampf (“cultural war or struggle”) is a specific term that indicates a specific period (1871-1887) in German history where state tried to gain dominance over church in daily life, especially in marriage and contract issues. The appearance was illusionary; this was not a conflict between “Protestant State” and “Catholic Church” but about who was going to decide even on tiniest trivial matters in daily life, and that political power, a central authority is executive on every issue in social life without exemption. However cultural matters do have a unique discourse to express themselves, and people do have a definite language about culture to define itself, and cultural identity or any kind of identity mostly rely on symbolic representations. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is A.

Narodnik, (Russian: “Populist”), member of a 19^th century socialist movement in Russia who believed that political propaganda among the peasantry would lead to the awakening of the masses and, through their influence, to the liberalization of the tsarist regime.  A peasant is a term used to describe an agricultural laborer. You can refer to all the peasants in a particular country as the peasantry. Narodnichestvo, or “Populism” have the same meaning, they refer to the 19^th century socialist movement in Russia.

The People’s Houses were founded in 1932 with an aim to urbanite people, and to conserve and enliven traditional folkloric customs, offered courses in literature, fine arts as well as handcrafting, tayloring and similar practices. The correct answer is A.

The informaton related to the other years in the answer choices are as follows:

1940: The Village Institutes were founded in 1940.

1950: Democrat Party (Demokrat Parti-DP) won elections in 1950.

1971: The Coup that took place in 1971 (March 12, 1971) was again a removal of democratically selected government led by Süleyman Demirel’s Justice Party (Adalet PartisiAP).

1980: The most radical and annihilating coup by the army in modern Turkish history was carried out in in 1980 (“12 Eylül Darbesi”).

The People’s Houses was founded in 1932 with an aim to urbanite people, and to conserve and enliven traditional folkloric customs, offered courses in literature, fine arts as well as handcrafting, tayloring and similar practices. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. “to urbanite people”, “to conserve traditional folkloric customs” and “to enliven traditional folkloric customs” were among the aims of The People’s Houses. The Village Institutes (first founded in 1940) were founded to create a new model of citizen.

Since Plato and Aristotle, at least one definition of politics is based on the idea of a good life.

Yusuf Akçura formulated Islamism, Nationalism, and Ottomanism as the three modern ideologies in the late-Ottoman Empire.

The People’s Houses were founded in 1932.

Village Institutes were to create the enlightening/enlightened pioneer for rural people.

Praetorian society refers to a society governed by military though there is not a martial law

The military coup that took place in 1960 was the first of military interventions in the history of the Turkish Republic.

Kulturkampf (“cultural war or struggle”) is a specific term that indicates a specific period (1871-1887) in German history where state tried to gain dominance over church in daily life, especially in marriage and contract issues.

The Coup Tradition is a way of seeing the power relations in politics, and the primacy of military in political affairs.

Justice Party was removed from the power in 1971 by a military coup.

Ziya Gökalp outlined historical and cultural principles of nationalism in his influential book, Principles of Turkism.