TÜRK EKONOMİSİ - Deneme Sınavı - 6

Opening the parliament in Ankara in 1920, the abolition of the sultanate in 1921, the proclamation of the Republic in 1923 and the abolition of the caliphate in 1924 are milestones in the establishment of modern Turkey.

With the referendum held in 2017, the transition to the presidential system was accepted. The presidential and parliamentary elections were held in 2018 and since then the new presidential government system has been in effect. The post of the prime minister was removed, the relationship of ministers with parliament was terminated and the president is the only authority as the sole executive. The new system in Turkey has four pillars; ministries (16), offices (4), policy boards (9) and directorates (8). Parliament and the judiciary are located outside the executive (Aliriza, 2018)

Geographically north side of Marmara and Bosphorus is part of Europe. In international references, Turkey is considered in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Asia and Europe. This categorization is based on cultural, historical, and economic ties and integration considerations.

The complex geological and tectonic structure of Turkey has led to the discovery of a wide variety of mineral deposits. Today, around 90 types of mines are produced in the world, while around 60 types of mines are produced in Turkey. Turkey is considered a rich country in terms of raw energy resources, such as some metallic minerals, lignite, and geothermal resources, and particularly in industrial raw materials. 2.5% of the world reserves of industrial raw materials; 1% of the coal reserves; 0.8% of the geothermal potential and 0.4% of metallic mineral reserves are located in Turkey. Boron minerals in Turkey form the first row as 72% of world reserves.

The development of the Turkish economy is in parallel with the increase in energy needs and Turkey is not an energy-rich country. Currently, natural gas, oil, and coal together have an 88% share in the total primary energy sources and in almost equal proportions.

According to the National Energy Balance Table, Turkey’s primary energy supply is 145.3 million tons of oil equivalent (toe). While 33.6 million of this is used in the cycle and energy sector, 111.7 million is realized as final energy consumption.

Turkey is a country dependent on foreign energy sources. The ratio of meeting the primary energy demand with foreign energy sources is 52% in 1990, 67% in 2000, 69% in 2010 and around 76% in 2017. Therefore, Turkey can only meet the primary energy needs with domestic production one in four. As the primary energy sources, the share of oil and gas is around 60% together. The external dependency rate in 2018 is 93,4% in oil and 99,2% in natural gas.

As of 2017, the share of cycle power plants in energy consumption is 23%. In energy consumption, shares are 24% for industry, 20% for transport, 16% for residential, 9% for commercial and service and 8% for the remaining (TPAO, 2018).

Purchasing power parities, abbreviated as PPPs, are indicators of price level differences across countries. PPPs tell us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries. Using PPPs to convert expenditure expressed in national currencies into an artificial common currency, the purchasing power standard (PPS), eliminates the effect of price level differences across countries created by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.Purchasing power parity means the quantity of goods and services bought with the same amount of currency in different countries.

The majority of villages in Turkey became neighborhoods connected to the towns and provinces in 2012 through a law. The rural population rate of around 25% declined to around 8%. In fact, rather than urbanization in the normal process, residential neighborhoods are legally urbanized.

Turkey is a rich country in the following mineral resources: boron salts, barite, gypsum, meerschaum, marble, diatomite, perlite, magnesite, strontium salts, sepiolite, fluorite, chalk, pumice, sodium sulfate, zeolite, pyrophyllite, quartz-quartzite, lignite, feldspar,halite, olivine, silica sand, gold, bentonite, trona, asbestos, calcite and grindstone. Even not rich, Turkey has other important mineral resources such as kaolin, carbon dioxide, chromium, molybdenum, bauxites, nepheline syenite, mercury, rare earth elements, diatomite, Route, antimony, thorium, alunite, sand-gravel, silver, peat, brick soil, and tungsten. The following mineral resources are insufficient in Turkey: copper, manganese, graphite, paint soils, lead, aluminum, coal, zircon, zinc, arsenic, talc, titanium, iron, sulfur, mica, nickel, phosphate and clay minerals.

The insufficient stock of foreign exchange reserves, high level of external debt of the private sector and financing needs of the private sector are main handicaps in the Turkish economy. Despite the low level of public debt, the increase in the budget deficit has been identified as another risk.

A total of 56.9 billion dollars allocated via 19 standby agreements but only 87% of the allocation (49.6) could be used.

The first constitution was adopted in 1876 in the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman administration system can be characterized as a constitutional monarchy.

the parliament was opened in Ankara.

Opening the parliament in Ankara in 1920, the abolition of the sultanate in 1921, the proclamation of the Republic in 1923 and the abolition of the caliphate in 1924 are milestones in the establishment of modern Turkey.

The new system in Turkey has four pillars; ministries (16), offices (4), policy boards (9) and directorates (8). Parliament and the judiciary are located outside the executive.

In international references, Turkey is considered in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Asia and Europe. This categorization is based on cultural, historical, and economic ties and integration

Approximately 97% of the Turkey's territory is in Asia.

Turkey’s neighboring countries are Georgia, Armenia, Nakhichevan

(attached to Azerbaijan) and Iran, in the east, Greece, and Bulgaria in the west, and Iraq and Syria in the south. The shortest border is with Nakhichevan (18 km), the longest border is with Syria (911 km)

Turkey is not a rich country in water. Since the amount of annual disposable water per capita is around 1,519 m3, Turkey is considered as the Water-scarce country.

Turkey is considered a rich country in terms of raw energy resources, such as some metallic minerals, lignite, and geothermal resources, and particularly in industrial raw materials. 2.5% of the world reserves of industrial raw materials; 1% of the coal reserves; 0.8% of the geothermal potential and 0.4% of metallic mineral reserves are located in Turkey. Boron minerals in Turkey form the first row as 72% of world reserves.