TÜRK EKONOMİSİ - Deneme Sınavı - 5

The first constitution was adopted in 1876 in the Ottoman Empire, then amended in 1921 and 1924.

The Ottoman caliphate was abolished in 1924.

The post of the prime minister in Turkey was removed in 2018.

The new system in Turkey has four pillars; ministries (16), offices (4), policy boards (9) and directorates (8). Parliament and the judiciary are located outside the executive (Aliriza, 2018), (Figure 1.1).

Approximately 97% of Turkey’s territory is in Asia, and 3% is on the European continent.

Turkey’s neighboring countries are Georgia, Armenia, Nakhchivan (attached to Azerbaijan) and Iran, in the east, Greece, and Bulgaria in the west, and Iraq and Syria in the south. The shortest border is with Nakhchivan (18 km), the longest border is with Syria (911 km) (Toprak and Çatalbaş, 2019).

Turkey's shortest border is with Nakhchivan (18 km), the longest border is with Syria (911 km) (Toprak and Çatalbaş, 2019).

Turkey's  longest border is with Syria (911 km) (Toprak and Çatalbaş, 2019).

With 817 km2 surface area, Atatürk Dam is the biggest dam in Turkey.

GDP measures cover activities that take place within the geographical borders of the country, while GNP measures cover activities that are attributable to the country's residents.

A country's income is also equal to its production and its expenditure. GDP can be measured by income approach, expenditure approach, production, and output approach.

Consumption (C) is the biggest component of the GDP in each country and usually accounts for 60%-70%.

Macroeconomic performance is judged by three board measures that are economic growth, unemployment, and inflation.

Labor force participation rate measures the active labor force in a country and shows the ratio of the labor force to the adult population.

Core inflation is the general increase in prices after the elimination of all temporary influences.

In the 1990s, the Turkish economy has become fragile because of short-term capital flows, increases in foreign debt, budget deficit, and current account deficit.

Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.

As of 2018, while the regions with the highest income inequality are İstanbul and West Marmara, the regions with the lowest are East Marmara and East Black Sea. The data are shown at Table 2.10.

Relative poverty refers to the poverty that household income is below the average welfare level of the society.