TEKNOLOJİ VE YENİLİK YÖNETİMİ

Innovation

Economic growth

Innovation is also a social system.

Reduces living standards

Increase in costs

Supportive laws and innovation incentives

Excessive perceived risks

Insufficient outsourcing of information and services

Individual factors

The triple helix innovation

The positive contributions of innovation activities to society and the economy are listed as follows (Uzkurt, 2008, p.269):

• Increases observed in welfare in the social area,
• Improvement in living standards,
• Constant economic progress and growth,
• Increase in employment rates,
• Efficient and effective use of resources,
• Increase in foreign trade,
• Uncovering new resources,
• Increase in regional development,
• Leap in the number of patents,                                                                      • An increase in entrepreneurship rates,
• Efficient and effective use of energy resources,
• Saving the economy from being foreigndependent

We can list the benefits of innovation to companies as follows (Uzkurt 2010, p.30):
• A decrease in costs,
• Providing competitive advantage,
• Increasing the share rate in the market,
• Increase in productivity,
• Providing efficiency in the use of raw materials,
• Increase in profitability,
• Transforming the information into an economic phenomenon,
• Increase in quality,
• Expansion of the product mix and line,
• Discovering new market environments,
• Providing convenience in entering new markets,
• Maximizing customer satisfaction,

• Reducing the manufacturing times of the services and products and minimizing the waste given,
• Providing flexibility in manufacturing, marketing, and supply,
• Providing data sharing by improving the communication environment with suppliers, consumers, and intermediary institutions,
• Improving working conditions.

The factors that hinder or may hinder innovation according to the Oslo Manual are listed below (OECD, 2005, p.113):
Cost factors:
• Excessive perceived risks,
• High costs,
• Insufficient capital within the enterprise,
• Insufficient external capital in the business.

The knowledge factors that hinder or may hinder innovation according to the Oslo Manual are listed below (OECD, 2005, p.113):
Knowledge Factors:
• Inadequate innovation efforts,
• Lack of qualified employees,
• Technology deficiency,
• Lack of information on markets,
• Insufficient outsourcing of information and services,
• Incomplete cooperation in process innovation,
• Insufficient marketing distribution activity,
• Incompatibility of employees working in innovation,
• Reluctance of the management in making innovation,
• The administrative function of the entrepreneur,
• Innovation flaw,
• Inability to devote staff to innovation activity due to production requirements.

In a narrow sense, the innovation system reflects the innovation model that combines R&D facilities of universities, public, and private sector institutions and organizations, and is defined as a triple helix approach.

The main idea of the innovation systems approach is that the overall innovation performance of an economy is based not only on specific organizations such as firms and research institutions but also on their interactions with each other and the government on knowledge generation and distribution.

The national innovation system is the network of organizations in the state and private sectors that creates new practitioner science, transfers it from abroad, transforms and disseminates it through its work and mutual effects (Freeman, 1987).

In our country’s national innovation system, among the institutions directly related to innovation, there are different types of institutions from the public and private sector organizations. The Science, Technology, and Innovation Policies Council under the Presidency of Strategy and Budget under the Presidency of Turkey, Ministry of Treasury and Finance, Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Trade, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey (KOSGEB), Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (Türkpatent), Council of Higher Education (YÖK), Universities and Technology Development Zones are examples of these institutions (Uzkurt, 2020, p.88).

Political and supervisory institutions: They prepare innovation policies and control the process. These constitute indispensable elements of innovation by providing the necessary infrastructure, incentives, and coordination of activities and establishing the legal framework.

The prominent institutions and organizations that make up the national innovation system are as follows (Özdemir, 2010, p.26):
1. Political and supervisory institutions: They prepare innovation policies and control the process. These constitute indispensable elements of innovation by providing the necessary infrastructure, incentives, and coordination of activities and establishing the legal framework.
2. Science system: These actors, especially universities, undertake the task of making inventions in interaction with the public and private sectors and training the academicians and scientists to do them. The most significant advantage of universities over public R&D institutions is their ability to train qualified research staff.

3. Business sector: Firms play an essential role in implementing technological innovations and benefiting from technological changes.
4. Supporting institutions that provide technical infrastructure: They are support
organizations that offer convenience in financial matters such as loans and tax
deductions and assist in issues such as training and laboratory services.
5. Public and private research institutions: They undertake the task of producing and developing technological innovations.