Technology and Innovation Management: Key Concepts
What is the argument to support the idea that "Innovation is believed to be the engine of
economic growth"?
Technological innovations not only provide wealth for the
innovator but also to the country where this has
occurred.
What are the sub-fields of technology and innovation management according to Martin’s (2012) systematic
analysis?
The field now includes
sub-fields such as the (a) economics of innovation,
technology and growth, (b) management of
industrial innovation and the resource-based view
of the firm, (c) organizations and innovation, (d)
systems of innovation, (e) sociological and other
contributions, and (f) measuring technology
and innovation.
According to Schumpeter, how is creative destruction is described?
Schumpeter popularized the term
creative destruction, which views innovation as
waves of power restructuring the whole market
What is the argument for neo-Schumpeterian economic growth
theory which Paul Romer is mentioned to be responsible for?
According to neo-Schumpeterian economic growth
theory, sustained economic growth results from the
inter-firm competition. To increase their profit,
firms have devoted their resources to developing
new products or developing new processes to make
existing products better and more efficient.
What is one of the contributions of the sociology field to the management of technology and inovation?
One of the contributions of the sociology field is the s-curve type movement. Diffusion of technology and innovation
follows the S-curve type movement, and the
respondents can be classified into various
categories such as innovators, early adopters,
early majority, late majority, and laggards.
Management and organization field as well contributed to the development of technology and innovation in business world. In this regard, in what way did Woodward's argument affect these developments?
Joan Woodward focused on the
management of technology, arguing that the type
of technology used has a significant effect on the
organization’s structural characteristics, such as
centralization, the span of control, and degree of
formalization.
Technology can be defined as “the combination
of skills, knowledge, abilities, materials, machines,
computers, tools, and other equipment that people
use to convert or change raw materials into valuable
goods and services”.
What are the different levels of technology in an organization?
Technology in organizations exists at three
levels, namely individual, functional, and
organizational levels.
While technology can be defined as “the combination
of skills, knowledge, abilities, materials, machines,
computers, tools, and other equipment that people
use to convert or change raw materials into valuable
goods and services”; how is technology management is defined?
Technology management
is defined as “a process, which includes planning,
directing, control and coordination of the
development and implementation of technological
capabilities to shape and accomplish the strategic
and operational objectives of an organization.
What are some of the strategic benefits of applying technology management in organizations?
According to the same authors, technology
management strategy and practices will help
organizations to create a competitive advantage
when adequately managed.
How does non-linear technology management differ for the initial idea of appying technology in organizatons?
The initial focus of the field was R&D activities within the
organization, gaining a broader perspective,
now called strategic technology management.
The non-linear technology management process,
based on dynamic-capabilities theory, includes
acquisition, exploitation, identification, learning,
protection, and selection supported by project
management, knowledge management, and
innovation management.
What is the result of the combination of Woodward's study regarding the technology used in production with the Burns and Stalker study which is about organizational structures?
Small-batch technology requires
organic; mass production technology requires
mechanistic; and finally, continuous-process
technology requires organic structure.
What are various meanings of innovation suggested by different authors?
Innovation is defined as creation, diffusion and learning, as an event, a trajectory, as change, as an organizational process, or as a contextual process.
What is the connection between the terms innovation and invention? Or is there no connection between the two?
The invention is the first occurrence of
an idea, whereas innovation can be regarded as the
first attempt to put that idea into practice.
How did earlier studies within neo-classical economics
conducted during the 1950s view the innovation process?
Earlier studies within neo-classical economics
conducted during the 1950s concentrated on the
internal characteristics of the innovation process.
Different from the neo-classical view, how does Schumpeter theory view the innovation process?
Schumpeterian view incorporates economic,
strategy, and organizational behavior perspectives
for better understanding the internal activities
while recognizing organizations’ interactions
with the external environment.
Whatis the basic result of a successful innovation management process?
Within the global
context, diffusion of successful innovation
results in economic growth and improvement
in living standards. Besides, organizational level
improvements in terms of knowledge, process, and
product development, any conceptualized idea,
once successfully exploited, diffuses globally.
Innovation has been explained from different perspectives, thus the types of innovation relevantly differ from one perspective to another.
What is the base for the types of innovation regarding the technological change in an organizational environment?
There are two main types of technological change
which are labeled as quantum change and incremental change.Quantum technological change is about
a fundamental shift in technology that
revolutionizes the products or the way they
are used.Incremental technological change is about
refinements of the same base technology,
which leads to incremental improvements in
products and processes.
What are the approaches to explain models of innovation?
The social deterministic school, emphasizes
the importance of the environment, and the other
one, the individualistic school, emphasizes the role
of innovators as the driving force of innovation.
Recently, drivers of innovation have been bifurcated
as the market-based view and the resource-based
view.
Linear models of innovation rely on a step-by-step monodirectional understanding of the innovation process.
What are the two main variants of the linear models of innovation?
The two main
variants of this approach are technology-push and
market-pull.
What is the main idea of cyclic (circular) models of innovation introduced as alternative approaches to models of innovation?
The circular( cyclic) model
is made up of interconnected cycles
with feedback, concurrent, and
feedforward control.