SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ

The key concepts of the functionalist approach are order, balance, harmony, function and evolutionary (not revolutionary) change.

Murdock, a functionalist anthropologist, examined 250 societies in a wide range including both hunting and gathering societies and industrial societies. He concluded that a form of family exists in every society, thus the family is a universal social institution. For Murdock, the family is “a social group
characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction.

• Nuclear families are small and geographically isolated. Extended families are more crowded, include many members of the kin group and have geographic proximity.

• For nuclear families, marital bonds are more important than blood ties, thus they are named “conjugal families”. On the other side, blood ties are more important than marital bonds for the extended families, thus they are called “consanguine families”.
• Nuclear families are temporary units because they decompose with the death of the parents or the marriage of children, but extended families live much longer. Because of their shorter life, it is hard for nuclear families to transmit a family culture to the children. This process is easier in extended families.
• In nuclear families, there is minimal contact with the kin group. However, kin group contact on a daily basis in extended families. Therefore, extended families can provide more support and assistance to its members, and can more easily overcome crisis arising from deaths or divorces.
• Nuclear families are economically selfsufficient while economic dependence is high in extended families.
• Because nuclear families are small sized, members can increase their personal development and freedom much more when compared to extended families. Since nuclear families are autonomous, individualization is easier in these families. On the other side, there is intergenerational authority in extended families which may limit personal development and freedom.
• The members of the nuclear family have to get emotional support and protection from people outside the kin group. In respect of the extended family, the kin network within the family provides a source of emotional support and protection.

The marriage rule permitting only one partner is monogamy. The opposite is polygamy, which includes more than one partner. Polygamy can be in the form of polygyny or polyandry. In polygyny form, a man has more than one wife.
In polyandry, a woman has more than one husband.

Patriarchy means the institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family,and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general.

The modern urban nuclear family became socially and geographically isolated from the wider kin network and became “privatized nuclear family”. In short, the nuclear family is often seen as a concomitant of industrialization of societies.

Single-parent families are increasing. In the US, between 1960 and 2016, the percentage of children living in families with two parents decreased from 88 to 69. In 2016, in 23% of the families, children are living with a single
mother (USCB, 2017).

Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define
males and females. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors,
activities, and attributes that the society considers appropriate for men and women.

Physical abuse refers to on purpose use of physical force, which may result in pain, discomfort, injury, disability or death.

Option B is about unstable family.

In stem families, only one of the married children (heirs) stays in the family house; the others are given some form of dowry for marriage and establish themselves new families elsewhere. However, the family house remains as a ceremonial center for the children who leave. Thus, the stem family can be regarded as a compromise between the patriarchal family and the unstable family

Talcott Parsons analyzed modern American family. Parsons claims that as a result of the transfer of the production function out of the family, the isolated nuclear family specialized on the socialization of children and the personal needs of the adult members.

Option E is about Symbolic Interactionism.

Nuclear families are small and geographicallyisolated. Extended families are more crowded, include many members of the kin group and have geographic proximity.

For nuclear families, marital bonds aremore important than blood ties, thus they are named “conjugal families”. On the other side, blood ties are more important than marital bonds for the extended families, thus they are called “consanguine families”.

Nuclear families are temporary units because they decompose with the death of the parents or the marriage of children, but extended families live much longer. Because of their shorter life, it is hard for nuclear families to transmit a family culture to the children. This process is easier in extended families.

In nuclear families, there is minimalcontact with the kin group. However, kin group contact on a daily basis in extended families. Therefore, extended families can provide more support and assistance to its members, and can more easily overcome crisis arising from deaths or divorces.

Endogamy is the practice of marrying only within a specific ethnic, social or religious group and rejecting people out of this group.

Polygamy can be in the form of polygyny or polyandry. In polygyny form, a man has more than one wife. In polyandry, a women has more than one husband. Polyandry is mostly seen in India and Tibet.

Divorce incidence is increasing.

William J. Goode also argues that industrialization process is one of the reasons for the breakdown of the extended family. Goode explains this process as follows (Haralambos and Holborn, 1995:337):

Industrial society has a high rate of geographicalmobility and this mobility decreased the frequency and intimacy of contact among the members of the kinship network.

Social mobility is also high in industrialsocieties and this weakened the ties among the members of the kinship network. When members of a working class family become upwardly mobile, they may tend to change their lifestyles according to their new social class, leading a disconnection from the larger kin network.

When many of the functions of the family,such as education, production and protection were taken over by outside institutions like schools, factories or business organizations, the dependency of individuals on their family and kin has reduced.

In industrial society, achieved status is moreimportant than ascribed status. This reduces the offerings of the kinship network to its members. The family in industrial societies cannot provide or guarantee jobs, education or training to its members. This reduction in dependency also weakens the ties among the members of the families. Goode argues that if individuals feel that they have more to gain than lose by maintaining the extended kinship ties, these ties are retained.

Le Play used the monography method he developed to examine the working class families and claimed that this method would be the key to reveal the laws of the social life. A is the correct answer.

According to Le Play's typology, in stem families, only one of the married children (heirs) stays in the family house; the others are given some form of dowry for marriage and establish themselves new families elsewhere. B is the correct answer.