SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ

It is called unstable because it has little flexibility in the face of economic crisis. The answer is B.

Murdock claims that universal functions of the family are (a) sexual (b) reproductive, (c) economic and (d) educational functions.

Parsons claims that as a result of the transfer of the production function out of the family, the isolated nuclear family specialized on the socialization of children and the personal needs of the adult members.

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, the reasons of family problems are often related to different understandings, perceptions and expectations that wives and husbands have about their marriage and family.

Zaretsky argued that the family served the interest of capitalism through the unpaid (domestic) work of women, by the reproduction of the labor force, and by being an important unit of consumption.

According to Marxist Feminism, women are expected to absorb their husbands’ legitimate anger and frustration generating from working life, thus prevent them from disobeying and rebelling against their employers and the system. The answer is D.

Nuclear families are temporary units because they decompose with the death of the parents or the marriage of children, but extended families live much longer.

Endogamy is the practice of marrying only within a specific ethnic, social or religious group and rejecting people out of this group

A woman has more than one husband in polyandry. The answer is D.

In patriarchal societies, social institutions such as the academy, the church, and the family justify and reinforce women’s subordination to men (Millett 1977:35). Thus, patriarchal ideology becomes a very powerful ideology and women who are oppressed generally show consent.

The patriarchal family is a very stable family in which children naturally take over the habits and customs of the former generations. In patriarchal families, the father typically keeps all his married sons with him. He also exercises ultimate authority over his children and grandchildren. The younger generations accept the jurisdiction of the elders of the extended family.

In stem families, only one of the married children (heirs) stays in the family house; the others are given some form of dowry for marriage and establish themselves new families elsewhere. However, the family house remains as a ceremonial center for the children who leave. Thus, the stem family can be regarded as a compromise between the patriarchal family and the unstable family.

The key concepts of the functionalist approach are order, balance, harmony, function and evolutionary (not revolutionary) change. For functionalist sociologists, every social institution has some functions and if they function well, society would operate smoothly. Although sometimes conflicts may occur, it is not a permanent phenomenon.

The primary socialization of children: The primary socialization is the socialization of the child in the early years of childhood and it occurs mostly in the family. The secondary socialization is the socialization that occurs in the later years and the family is less involved in this process. In the secondary socialization, while the family loses some of its influence, other important agents like the school or same age groups gain more significance. The primary socialization of children is the early childhood years that almost completely takes place in the family.

The works of Leach and Laing has been criticized in a number of points:

Neither has conducted a detailed fieldworkon family, and Laing’s work is limited to families with a schizophrenic member.

The work of Laing, unlike Leach, lackshistorical perspective.

They give little or no reference to socialclass, or the relationship between class and family.

Both examine only Western family.

Marxist feminists argue that women absorb the anger that would otherwise be directed at employers and capitalism. The exploitation of men at work makes women suffer, for instance, from domestic violence.

There are some main differences between nuclear and extended families:

Nuclear families are small and geographicallyisolated. Extended families are more crowded, include many members of the kin group and have geographic proximity.

For nuclear families, marital bonds aremore important than blood ties, thus they are named “conjugal families”. On the other side, blood ties are more important than marital bonds for the extended families, thus they are called “consanguine families”.

Nuclear families are temporary units because they decompose with the death of the parents or the marriage of children, but extended families live much longer. Because of their shorter life, it is hard for nuclear families to transmit a family culture to the children. This process is easier in extended families.

In nuclear families, there is minimalcontact with the kin group. However, kin group contact on a daily basis in extended families. Therefore, extended families can provide more support and assistance to its members, and can more easily overcome crisis arising from deaths or divorces.

Nuclear families are economically self-sufficient while economic dependence is high in extended families.

Because nuclear families are small sized,members can increase their personal development and freedom much more when compared to extended families. Since nuclear families are autonomous, individualization is easier in these families. On the other side, there is intergenerational authority in extended families which may limit personal development and freedom.

The members of the nuclear family have toget emotional support and protection from people outside the kin group. In respect of the extended family, the kin network within the family provides a source of emotional support and protection.

According to the groups in which the spouse is chosen from: Endogamy and exogamy

Endogamy is the practice of marrying only within a specific ethnic, social or religious group and rejecting people out of this group. The most common subcategory under endogamy is cousin marriages. A cousin marriage may be a parallel cousin or a cross cousin marriage. A parallel cousin is a cousin from the parent’s same sex sibling, like the child of the father’s brother or the child of the mother’s sister. A cross cousin is a cousin from the parent’s opposite sex sibling, like the child of the fathers’ sister or the child of the mother’s brother. While the rule of endogamy obliges people to marry within their group, the rule of exogamybans to marry from the same group. In exogamic societies, people should choose their spouse from outside their kin group.

The family is not always a peaceful institution. Domestic violence and child abuse are the most important problems in the families and have traumatic results for women and children. These two phenomenon together are often called “the dark side of the family”.

Domestic violence is the violence of one partner over another in a marriage, cohabitation or dating relationship. It may occur as physical, sexual, emotional and economic abuse, threats or isolation. Occurring in every culture and in all socioeconomic and educational groups, domestic violence is a social phenomenon. Thus, its reason cannot be thought as individual. It stems from the structure and functions of the family and the organization of the society. Domestic violence is an extension of the legitimation of male violence and the domination of patriarchal, politic and economic institutions in the public sphere.

Sociology of family has its roots in the studies of Le Play in Europe and attracted attention in the USA after World War II. Le Play used the
monography method he developed to examine the working class families and claimed that this method would be the key to reveal the laws of the social life.