SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ

Norms are formal / written or informal / non-written rules that are deemed necessary for the integrity and continuity of a society, and regulate the behavior of individuals. Norms point to the ideal behavior patterns expected from us as well as covering the usual behaviors in a society. The correct answer is B.

Emile Durkheim one of the founders of the functional approach , addressed some basic questions about how culture came into being in his work, Primitive Classification, written with Marcel Mauss his nephew and the most important student. Thus, the two can be counted as the representatives of the functional approach. On the other hand, Marx is the representative of Marxist approach.  The correct answer is D.

Collective Subjectivity is defined as a way of life or outlook adopted by a community or a social class. Cultural lag refers to the incompatibility that arises in the process of change in the reciprocal relationship between the material and spiritual cultures in a social system. Cultural determinism refers to the thought
that culture is unchangeable and very strong, and the members of it are kind of
prisoners. Cultural capital refers to the practical competencies and tastes which support our status and position and also help us to differentiate ourselves from those who are less ‘culturally endowed’. Finally, cultural reproduction expresses the process of transferring the culture of the dominant class from generation to generation through the education system. Thus the correct answer is C.

Cultural lag refers to the gap when the changes in material culture are followed with a certain delay by spiritual culture (law, custom, tradition, social mentality, etc.) Especially the changes in the technology dimension of material culture enable the cultural lag to be seen strikingly. Thus it is an example of cultural lag when people who did not own mobile phones until recently talk on the phone in a way that annoys people in their surroundings after receiving a mobile phone. The correct answer is A.

Cosmopolitan is a combination of the Greek words cosmos (universe) and the police (city). It refers to a place that holds people from various nations, and/or someone who has multiple roots, and accepts not just one, but all of them. On the other hand, the rest of the choices refers to concepts that have negative connotations. The correct answer is B.

Ethnocentrism, which seems normal and natural for every cultural identity at first sight, comes out as homophobia, heterophobia, xenophobia, islamophobia and racism at different doses. On the other hand, the choice of C, acrophobia refers to a different concept which means the fear of heights. The correct answer is C.

A, B, C, refer to the characteristics of the modern culture while D  refers to a characteristic of the postmodernisation. On the hand grobalization refers to  the imperialistic goals, desires, and needs of big businesses or companies. Thus the correct answer is E.

Glocalization is sometimes reported to be a reaction to globalization, or a reinforcement of cultural identity at the local community level’. Robertson sees ‘glocalization’ as an interpenetration of the global and the local. But the way the concept is generally applied relates to marketing a product produced by a multinational corporation by appealing to local cultural cues. The correct answer is C.

Aesthetic, is a subdiscipline in philosophy that deals with art and beauty, and is closely related to philosophy of art. In general, the term aesthetic is concerned with the identification of general and universal principles that determine ‘art’ and ‘beauty.’) Therefore, the correct option is C.

Although there are 164 definitions of culture, these definitions can be categorized into three general groups. In other words, hundreds of different cultural definitions can be classified into three categories (Edles, 2002): 1. Aesthetic Definitions of Culture or Culture as High Culture 2. Anthropological Definitions of Culture or Culture as a Whole Way of Life 3. Culture as Shared Meaning Systems
Aesthetic. Therefore, the correct option is B.

According to this definition framing culture as a “whole way of lifestyle” of a social group, culture consists of the values that the members of a group believe, the norms they follow, and the material things they create. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Norm: They are formal / written or informal / non-written rules that are deemed necessary for the integrity and continuity of a society, and regulate the behavior of individuals. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Value: The thoughts or principles that are thought to be true and necessary by the majority of its members in order to sustain the existence of a society or a social group. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Functional sociology in general, Durkheim in particular, suggests that forms of action, belief and emotion, that is culture, emerge from the organization of social structure or needs, rather than from the choice of the agent or his/her interpretation of the social world. Durkheim’s evolutionist view ignores traditional societies’ complexity and beliefs, assuming that traditional societies are “simpler” or “primitive” than industrial societies. Therefore, the correct option is E.

in Marx’s writings there are ideas that could form a model for the creation of culture as ideology. As a materialistic theorist, Marx has argued that financial situation and economic activities shape human consciousness. Marx noted that not only religious ideas, but also all cultural ideas are a reflection of the material production system and thus serve the interests of the dominant class. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The Frankfurt school suggests that in the twentieth century the modern mass culture was the key tool of ideological domination of capitalism. The term of mass culture refers to the culture created by the culture industry, which invades the market with (cultural) products aiming at superficial pleasure and entertainment, and consumed simply without questioning by passive consumers who lack passion for criticism. Therefore, the correctoption is B.

Collective Subjectivity: A way of life or outlook adopted by a community or a social class. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Cultural Lag: This term belongs to William Ogburn (1886-1959). Ogburn wanted to draw attention to the incompatibility that arises in the process of change in the reciprocal relationship of the material and spiritual cultures in a social system. Therefore, the correct option is D