SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ

While industrial society is a term suggested by Saint-Simon, natural selection and free market are some of the basic terms used in Spencer's ideology. Besides, ideal type is a concept suggested by Weber to be used instead of certain concepts used in natural sciences such as law. However, social dynamics is one of the study fields which examines social transformation according to Comte. The correct answer is B.

According to Spencer, social transformation in Darwin’s terms operates on the hypothesis that the strong ones survive and weak ones die, that is the natural selection law. The correct answer is A. 

Karl Marx developed a theory called historical materialism, which had a great influence in the field. In this theory, which emphasizes the importance of economic factors rather than thoughts and values in social transformation and can be defined briefly as “embracing history from a materialist point of view”, Marx specifically focuses on production. The correct answer is E.

According to Durkheim, society is similar to a biological organism consisting of components having different functions to form a unity. He emphasizes that society has sanction power on individuals through social facts. For Durkheim, social facts have important functions in maintaining the continuity of societies. In this respect, even crime and punishment are functional facts to determine the limits of socially acceptable behaviors. Also, he believed that collective consciousness forms the basis of a central value and norm system that unites the parts in a social organism. Besides, he thought that moral consensus or social ethics, which is based on collective consciousness, is closely related to religion, and religion is one of the most important facts that shape social solidarity. 

On the other hand, that when conflicts in capitalism increase, socialism, which is a classless society stage, will prevail is one of Marx's claims. 

The correct answer is C.

Weber is critical about positivism and places special importance on bureaucracy. The correct answer is D.

Symbolic interactionists have often been criticized for focusing on small-scale, face-to-face interactions and not referring to their relationship to historical and social context. On the other hand, structural functionalism received harsh criticism because of the following reasons: Unrealistically presenting society as a functional unity by too much focusing on the social order problem; ignoring conflicts and similar factors that divide modern societies of the 20th century; and not giving enough importance to the role of actions and agents of these actions in social life by prioritizing the systems and their need. The correct answer is A.

Conflict theories emphasize the importance of social structures in societies; however, unlike functionalism, which focuses on the consensus, they focus on power, social divisions, inequality and struggle among different groups pursuing their own interests. The correct answer is B.

Symbolic interactionism is a micro-oriented approach that deals with everyday life. The correct answer is E. 

Unlike all other approaches, feminist theories focus on gender inequality, which they see as the most important and oldest form of inequality. Feminist theories try to analyse inequalities by using concepts such as gender and patriarchy. The correct answer is C. 

Sociology took place in the 19th century.

The most significant contribution of Saint-Simon to the development of sociology is the term industrial society.

Saint-Simon argued that social problems that occurred during the transition from feudal society to industrial society would be solved with the help of social physics.

Comte used the term "sociology" for the first time.

Comte considered sociology as the queen of sciences and the science of future due to its scientific power.

Spencer developed a social transformation theory that was similar to the evolutionary development of a biological organism.

Karl Marx developed a theory called historical materialism, which had a great influence in the field.

Classical Sociology: This section of the unit deals with the modern society analyses of K.Marx, E. Durheim, M. Weber and G. Simmel

Durheim adopted a point of view called functionalism and greatly contributed to the development of structural functionalism.

Weber sees society as a formation consisting of social actions, and defined the study topic of sociology as "social action".

Saint-Simon argued that the social problems that occurred during the transition from feudal society to industrial society would be solved with the help of positive science, which he calls social physics, and society could be restructured with this new type of science. Therefore, Saint-Simon is considered “the first sociologist, and the first socialist”. The correct answer is C.