SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ

The first difference is related to the responsible speech. The second difference is related to the size of the field from which the material is drawn. The third difference is related to how we understand events. The last difference is related to dogmas.

At the macro level, sociology investigates the structure and change of the societies or social institutions. In other words, macrosociology studies the analysis of large-scale social organizations such as political or economic systems.

The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present.

With the technological changes in the 20th century, a new type of society emerged. In the post industrial society, the majority of the production shifted from industrial production to service sector.

Social action is an action which is oriented towards the past, present or future actions of the other people. For example, taking revenge out on someone or buying a burglary insurance are social actions.

The statuses that the individual has in birth, are ascribed statuses. Sex, age, race, ethnic group are examples of ascribed status.

Formal norms are written, established rules such as laws, university exam requirements, and “don’t step on the grass” signs at public parks. The formal norms are the most specific norms.

August Comte, the founding father of sociology, developed the concept of positivism into sociology.

A hypothesis is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two variables.

According to Postmodern approach, there is no difference between social science and art or literature. This approach argues that research can not have a function other than describing, and all descriptions are the same in terms of their value.

Durkheim claims that there are four kinds of suicide. These are egoistic, altruistic, anomic and fatalistic suicide. While the egoistic and the altruistic suicides are influenced by social integration levels, the anomic and the fatalistic suicides are influenced by moral regulation levels of the society. Very low levels of social integration are related to egoistic suicide. Egoistic suicide occurs when family, work and community ties weaken, people can not bound to social groups and find little social guidance about values, norms, traditions and goals. Because of the lack of social integration, they feel that they do not belong to the society. When bonds weaken due to loss of family, loss of friends, or a retirement, probability of egoistic suicide increases. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Durkheim claims that there are four kinds of suicide. These are egoistic, altruistic, anomic and fatalistic suicide. While the egoistic and the altruistic suicides are influenced by social integration levels, the anomic and the fatalistic suicides are influenced by moral regulation levels of the society.  Very high levels of moral regulation are related to fatalistic suicide. The opposite of anomic suicide, fatalistic suicide occurs when people are excessively regulated and disciplined. For example, people in prisons may prefer to die rather than continue to live under oppressive conditions. Therefore, the correct option is E.

there are important differences between commonsense and sociology. These can be summarized in four points:

• The first difference is related to the responsible speech. Unlike people depending on commonsense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech.

• The second difference is related to the size of the field from which the material is drawn.

• The third difference is related to how we understand events.

• The last difference is related to dogmas. In everyday life, repeated actions become habitual and commonsense does not ask critical questions.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

In the most general level, societies before the 18th century are called “traditional societies”. In the Western world, the majority of the traditional societies transformed through Enlightenment, Scientific and Political Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution, and a new society emerged. This new type of society is called “the industrial society” or “the modern society”. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Hunting and Gathering Societies: The earliest type of societies is hunting and gathering societies, which exist since 50,000 BC to present. However, today there are only a few hunting and gathering societies in the world. This type of society consists of small numbers of people, such as 30-40 people. People are nomad and gain their livelihood from hunting, fishing, and gathering edible plants. Therefore, the correct option is C.

In social life, there are phenomena different than physical sciences examine. These phenomena are known as social facts or social reality. Social facts are created collectively by society. They are exterior, inevitable and limiting for the individuals. Therefore, the correct option is E.

When they are born, individuals do not have any idea about who they are. In time, they learn what other people think about them and they learn to think in the same way. While children grow, they see that people perceive women different from men, Christians different from Muslims, the poor dıfferent from the rich. They learn how the world perceives them, and they tend to adopt the same perspective. Ultimately, the self that the individual develops widely depends on how people define their status in society. Self is the totality of the perceptions and thoughts related to our identity and our qualifications. In other words, self is a relatively stable set of perceptions and thoughts of who we are in relation to the others and ourselves. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Socialization is the interaction process in which the individuals learn the language, values, norms, attitudes, knowledge and skills, in short, the culture of the society they live in. Socialization is the process by which a society transmits its social values, norms, and culture to its members. Socialization must not be confused with socializing. Socializing is interacting with other people, the members of the family or workplace, or friends. Socialization is the process in which the individual learns how to be a member of the society he/ she lives in, the process that prepares them to function in social life. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Positive sciences split up to physical sciences and social sciences. Physical sciences are the sciences which study animated and unanimated substances and material facts. Some of the physical sciences are astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology and zoology. Social sciences are the sciences which study social world and the relations among people. Sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics and political science are some of the social sciences. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Theories consist of a set of interrelated propositions, some of which are testable. A proposition is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two concepts. Hypotheses are testable propositions. A hypothesis is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two variables. Variables are measurable indicators of concepts. Therefore, the correct option is D.