SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 5

Defines the members of the group and determines mutual relationships

- Everything in the life of a society is perceived according to values. Values are the principles such as freedom and equality that define the ideal principles of what is desired and right in a society or group. Values might create conflict in the same way that they provide behavioral rules. 

-Values are the cultural determinants of behaviors and they define the behaviors expected from members of a culture and which behaviors are to be avoided. The differences in values are reflected as differences in behaviors. 

-The acts and laws, rules about clothing, games and sports, etc. all reflect social norms.

-The norms are divided into two categories, namely, official norms and unofficial norms (İçli, 2002:105,106):
a. Official Norms: These are the official and written rules such as laws, regulations, statutes, circulars and board decisions. The punishments and rewards regarding these norms are predetermined.
b. Unofficial Norms: These are non-written norms, and punishments and rewards are not explicitly stated for such norms. The individuals might face sanctions such as condemnation, mocking, exclusion and insults.

-Anomie is related to a social situation, not to a personal state of mind. It is caused by the tension between individual interests and collective cultural conscious.

c. Regulates the behaviors
d. Ensures that the social power is organized and legitimizes it
e. Develops the living conditions
f. Protects from external hazards
g. Realizes the legal organization

Cybercrime: Technology-based crimes are as follows: illegal access to telecommunication systems, listening to and watching others, theft through telecommunication services, violation of copyrights by copying various materials such as films and CDs, pornography in cyber space, violent contents, racist propaganda, cyber harassment, telemarketing frauds, interference in electronic fund transfers, electronic money laundering and creating criminal conspiracies through telecommunication.

Organized crime: Examples of organized crime include such activities as smuggling, illegal gambling, drug trafficking, prostitution, largescale theft and racketeering.

- It is accepted that the deviance disease or anomalies are based on the mind, rather than body. In the course of explaining deviance and crime, the focus is on types of personalities. The initial criminological investigations were conducted in institutions such as prisons and mental hospitals. 

-Psychological theories have been criticized for such reasons as ignoring social and cultural factors, lacking a strong and common understanding measured among psychologists with regard to what mental health is and how personality characteristics should be measured and also the inadequacy of studies conducted to support the psychological approach. Another criticism is that the emphasis is only on the childhood, and the lifelong effects of various lifelong social and cultural factors on the personality are ignored.

- All behaviors, as well as deviance and harmonization are the product of a society. 

-Sociological theories provide important contributions to the understanding and prevention of deviation and criminal behavior.

Unofficial Norms: These are non-written norms, and punishments and rewards are not explicitly stated for such norms. The individuals might face sanctions such as condemnation, mocking, exclusion and insults.