SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 19

b

c

Members of the group do share a sense of unity and bond of solidarity. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Interpretive approach argues that social reality cannot be investigated with the methods physical scientists use to investigate the physical realities. The purpose of social research for Interpretive approach is not to explain the casualty relationships, it is to explore how people create meaning, understand and interpret social action and social life. Interpretive approach ultimately makes an explanation too. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Theories consist of a set of interrelated propositions, some of which are testable. A proposition is a statement that claims a relationship between at least two concepts.

Spencer developed a social transformation theory that was similar to the evolutionary development of a biological organism.

Working class people have to sell their labour power since they do not have production means. However, workers are often paid less than they deserve and the remaining “surplus value” becomes the “profit” for the capitalist. The correct answer is E.

Culture, in the eighteenth century, began to turn into a term that expresses social values and behaviors, and thus is used in the social sphere.

The term culture, which was previously used to mean “cultivation,” or “breeding” in relation to agricultural activities, has now turned into a universe of meanings that includes layers of meanings such as the development of the human mind, the development process, the means of progression, and the mental state of the mind.

The elitist approach considers culture a name for the best, the most beautiful, or the most
magnificent products of a society or civilization. In this sense, C is the answer.

Norms are formal / written or informal / non-written rules that are deemed necessary for the integrity and continuity of a society, and regulate the behavior of individuals. Those who do not comply with the norms face negative sanctions and are punished in various forms. In this sense, D is the answer.

Anthropologists like Clifford Geertz (1926-2006) described culture as a system of shared symbols and/or meanings: “an historically transmitted pattern of meaning is embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life” (Geerts, 1973:89).

This approach focuses on the social unity and integrative functions of culture. The answer is B.

The dominant capitalist class, which owns the means of production, uses economic power to shape the culture of the society. The answer is C.

The concept of “culture industry” refers to rationally organized-bureaucratic structures that considerably control and supervise modern culture, such as television networks. The answer is E.

The Birmingham School, which has an emphasis on cultural autonomy, is in the opinion that the culture is shaped primarily by dominant powers/power relations (Smith, 2001:208-227).

The concept of cultural reproduction and habitus is produced by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002), one of the most important theoreticians of the 20th century.

“Culture is a system of meanings and significance created historically, or, in other words, culture is a system of beliefs and customs that a group of people use in order to understand, organize, and structure their individual and collective lives. It is a way of understanding and organizing human life.” (Parekh, 2002: 184) Culture gives consistency to our lives, provides us with the resources we need to make sense of the world, and cultural values and ideals guide us in life by inspiring us. In addition, culture’s “arts, rituals in daily life, songs, stories and literature give us joy, add color and beauty to our lives, and its moral and spiritual wisdom help us deal with the inevitable tragedies of life by relaxing us.” The correct answer is D.

Aesthetic, is a subdiscipline in philosophy that deals with art and beauty, and is closely related to philosophy of art. In general,

the term aesthetic is concerned with the identification of general and universal principles that determine ‘art’ and ‘beauty.’) The correct answer is B.

Although there are 164 definitions of culture, these definitions can be categorized into three general groups. In other words, hundreds of different cultural definitions can be classified into three categories:

Aesthetic Definitions of Culture or Culture as High Culture

Anthropological Definitions of Culture or Culture as a Whole Way of Life

Culture as Shared Meaning Systems