SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 15

Norm: They are formal / written or informal / non-written rules that are deemed necessary for the integrity and continuity of a society, and regulate the behavior of individuals. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Value: The thoughts or principles that are thought to be true and necessary by the majority of its members in order to sustain the existence of a society or a social group. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Functional sociology in general, Durkheim in particular, suggests that forms of action, belief and emotion, that is culture, emerge from the organization of social structure or needs, rather than from the choice of the agent or his/her interpretation of the social world. Durkheim’s evolutionist view ignores traditional societies’ complexity and beliefs, assuming that traditional societies are “simpler” or “primitive” than industrial societies. Therefore, the correct option is E.

in Marx’s writings there are ideas that could form a model for the creation of culture as ideology. As a materialistic theorist, Marx has argued that financial situation and economic activities shape human consciousness. Marx noted that not only religious ideas, but also all cultural ideas are a reflection of the material production system and thus serve the interests of the dominant class. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The Frankfurt school suggests that in the twentieth century the modern mass culture was the key tool of ideological domination of capitalism. The term of mass culture refers to the culture created by the culture industry, which invades the market with (cultural) products aiming at superficial pleasure and entertainment, and consumed simply without questioning by passive consumers who lack passion for criticism. Therefore, the correctoption is B.

Collective Subjectivity: A way of life or outlook adopted by a community or a social class. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Cultural Lag: This term belongs to William Ogburn (1886-1959). Ogburn wanted to draw attention to the incompatibility that arises in the process of change in the reciprocal relationship of the material and spiritual cultures in a social system. Therefore, the correct option is D

It is called unstable because it has little flexibility in the face of economic crisis. The answer is B.

Murdock claims that universal functions of the family are (a) sexual (b) reproductive, (c) economic and (d) educational functions.

Parsons claims that as a result of the transfer of the production function out of the family, the isolated nuclear family specialized on the socialization of children and the personal needs of the adult members.

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, the reasons of family problems are often related to different understandings, perceptions and expectations that wives and husbands have about their marriage and family.

Zaretsky argued that the family served the interest of capitalism through the unpaid (domestic) work of women, by the reproduction of the labor force, and by being an important unit of consumption.

According to Marxist Feminism, women are expected to absorb their husbands’ legitimate anger and frustration generating from working life, thus prevent them from disobeying and rebelling against their employers and the system. The answer is D.

Nuclear families are temporary units because they decompose with the death of the parents or the marriage of children, but extended families live much longer.

Endogamy is the practice of marrying only within a specific ethnic, social or religious group and rejecting people out of this group

A woman has more than one husband in polyandry. The answer is D.

In patriarchal societies, social institutions such as the academy, the church, and the family justify and reinforce women’s subordination to men (Millett 1977:35). Thus, patriarchal ideology becomes a very powerful ideology and women who are oppressed generally show consent.

The patriarchal family is a very stable family in which children naturally take over the habits and customs of the former generations. In patriarchal families, the father typically keeps all his married sons with him. He also exercises ultimate authority over his children and grandchildren. The younger generations accept the jurisdiction of the elders of the extended family.

In stem families, only one of the married children (heirs) stays in the family house; the others are given some form of dowry for marriage and establish themselves new families elsewhere. However, the family house remains as a ceremonial center for the children who leave. Thus, the stem family can be regarded as a compromise between the patriarchal family and the unstable family.

The key concepts of the functionalist approach are order, balance, harmony, function and evolutionary (not revolutionary) change. For functionalist sociologists, every social institution has some functions and if they function well, society would operate smoothly. Although sometimes conflicts may occur, it is not a permanent phenomenon.