SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 9

Agrarian societies are rooted in agriculture, but also hunt animals and gather edible plants in addition to agricultural production. The first form of agrarian societies emerged when people cultivated small gardens with simple tools, and important economic inequalities exist among their people.

The answer is D. A,B,C are examples for social action and E is a social fact.

The answer is A

Completing the requirements of a professional degree or level of education is an achieved status. The other examples are ascribed statuses

Social values are the standards that we consult to know what is wrong and what is right. Empathy towards animals could be a social value in a society that respects creatures other than humans.

The industrial revolution was an important set of changes in technological, economic and social developments characterised by the emergence of new energy sources allowing for mass production.

Unlike people depending on common sense while talking, sociologists make effort to follow the rules of responsible speech. This means they make a clear distinction between untested personal claims and the statements corroborated by evidence. This is very important point because the trust to and credibility of scientific knowledge depends on the belief that scientists follow rules of responsible speech.

The areas that sociologists investigate are parts of our everyday lives. Sociologists talk about families, groups, politics, economy, factories, religion, authority, etc.

Pastoral societies are the societies in which the gain of livelihood is based on domesticated livestock such as cattle or sheep. These societies generally live in areas which are not suitable for agriculture. These societies consist of a larger population than hunting and gathering societies. Their population varies from a few hundred people to many thousand people. There is also more social inequality in this type of societies. Members of pastoral societies are engaged in trade and this causes a division between the rich and the poor. In these societies, there are non-economic social inequalities, too.

Social institution refers to arrangements involving large numbers of people whose behaviors are guided by norms and roles. A social institution is a socially organized social behavior pattern that
reflects the established appearance of the society, which are continuously repeated, maintained and approved by the social norms.

Individuals learn how the world perceives them, and they tend to adopt the same perspective. Ultimately, the self that the individual
develops widely depends on how people define their status in society.

Although the knowledge of the main concepts like the numbers or shapes depends on observations, the relationship among these concepts is based on some presuppositions. For example, the triangle concept, a shape consisting of three intersecting lines, is based on observations. But the presupposition that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, has no concern with observations.

All people related to the research problem consists the research
population. However, often it is neither possible nor necessary to gather data from all the population. In this phase of reseach, the researcher decides from whom s/he will gather the data. The researcher sets the sample size and selects the sample by using an appropriate sampling technique.

• All of them are empirical, because all of them investigate observable facts related to human actions such as behaviors, images, voices or states.

• All of them are systematical because all of them refuse arbitrary, defective, inadequate studies and all include rigorous and meticulous studies.

• All of them are theoretical because although the nature and purpose of theories are different for each approach, none of the approaches claims that the social world consists of chaos and disorder; all of them defend that explaining or understanding
the social world is possible.

The extrinsic factors are not totally under control in
quasi-experiments. In quasi-experiments, the control group is not constituted in the beginning of the experiment. After observing the results of the experimental group, a new group is selected in order to make a comparison. This new group has similar characteristics with the experimental group but it is not formed in the laboratory environment.

Saint-Simon claimed that a positive science is necessary to analyze the problems that emerged during the industrial society phase following the French Revolution and based his ideas and actions on these arguments accordingly.

Auguste Comte  examines “society” within an evolutionist and positivist framework. Comte used the term “sociology” for the first time and established a tradition known as positivist sociology. 

-Comte’s works were partly inspired by the works of the thinkers of the Enlightenment; however, he was sometimes critical of these works. In fact, although he was influenced by the scientific approach of the Enlightenment, Comte was critical of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment philosophy,
which - he believed - triggered destructive radical changes in history.

Comte summarizes his ideas about this point of view in his well-known evolution theory known as “law of the three stages”, which he developed under the influence of the studies by Saint-Simon.

Durkheim adopted a point of view called functionalism and greatly contributed to the development of structural functionalism.

Durkheim, in his work titled The Division of Labour in Society writes about mechanic solidarity and organic solidarity depending on social division of labour. Accordingly:
a) Mechanical solidarity is observed in traditional societies where there is a simple division of labour based on resemblances. In this type of order and solidarity, collective consciousness and collective identity are more powerful and dominant than individual consciousness and identities.
b) Organic solidarity is observed in modern societies where there is a complex division of labour based on social differentiation.