SOSYOLOJİYE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 7

According to Comte, human thought and societies evolve through three basic stages:

a) Theological stage: In this stage, the human mind tries to explain everything through supernatural forces.
b) Metaphysical stage: In this stage, the human mind tries to explain all social and physical phenomena and events through abstract forces.
c) Positive stage: In this stage, the human mind finally tries to explain all phenomena and events scientifically (based on universal laws). According to Comte, in this stage, the human mind rejects supernatural and abstract forces due to positive sciences and tries to reveal existing relationships among observable phenomena and systematize these relationships within universal laws. The correct answer is A.

Herbert Spencer of England contributed to the early development of sociology with his evolutionary social development theory. Inspired by Comte’s works and having an important role in early phases of British sociology, Spencer adapted the “natural selection” principle, which means the survival of the fittest, into social evolution and rejected any type of state interventions and social reforms that are supportive of disadvantaged individuals in social life. The correct answer is B.

Karl Marx developed a theory called historical materialism, which had a great influence in the field. In this theory, which emphasizes the importance of economic factors rather than thoughts and values in social transformation and can be defined briefly as “embracing history from a materialist point of view”, Marx specifically focuses on production. According to Marx, some social relations called production relations develop among the people participating in the production process in order to produce their social lives in the historical process. The correct answer is C.

Durkheim pioneered the development of structural-functionalism, which is considered one of the most important approaches of the tradition called consensus in sociological theory, with his works based on a functional point of view and focusing on social order and solidarity. The correct answer is D.

Max Weber, unlike positivism, places social action into the center of sociology and sociological analysis. From this point of view, Weber’s ideas are associated with a general theoretical perspective in sociology called interactionism. The correct answer is E.

E

A

B

c

B

a

D

e

b

A

Saint- Simon claimed that a positive science is necessary to analyze the problems that emerged during the industrial society phase following the French Revolution and based his ideas and actions on these arguments accordingly.

Saint-Simon contributed to the development of sociology with his studies, and Comte used the term “sociology” for the first time and established a tradition known as positivist sociology. Thus, he is agreed to be the founder of sociology by some researchers in the field.

Inspired by Comte’s works and having an important role in early phases of British sociology, Spencer adapted the “natural selection” principle, which means the survival of the fittest, into social evolution and rejected any type of state interventions and social reforms that are supportive of disadvantaged individuals in social life.

The emphasis Marx places on economic factors in social transformation can be clearly seen in his distinction between base and superstructure in social analysis. In this distinction, the base consists of economic structure (means of production and relations of production) and superstructure consists of law, politics, religion, family and ideologies.

According to Durkheim, society is similar to a biological organism consisting of components having different functions to form a unity. At this point, he believes that society has an independent reality in a way that cannot be reduced to the individuals that form it.