SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCE

Workers did not work to produce for their needs; they worked to produce commodities which will be sold for profit of the capitalist.

Marx accepted and adopted the dialectic as the essential logic of history. But, he did not accept the metaphysical assumptions of Hegel. Like Hegel, Marx also considered the dialectic as a means of accomplishing historical progress through struggle; yet he changed it since, for Marx, it was materialism which inspired the dialectic, not spiritualism. Marx claimed that the dialectic was a conflict among worldly interests, and ideas were the results of such conflict. The answer is C.

Capitalism is an economic mode of production depending on the private property in which the means of production are owned by a small group of individuals. The answer is B.

The substructure is divided into two factors, the means of production and the relations of production. The means of production are the resources and technology that a society makes use of. Means of production include tools, machinery, factories, materials and land; and together with labor power, they constitute productive forces. The relations of production between social classes are determined by the affiliation between humans and the means of production. The ruling class in every society consists of people who own the property of the means of production. Therefore, in a pastoral animal breeding society, the owners of the most of the livestock is ruling class. In an agricultural society, the ruling class consist of people who own most of the land and agricultural implements such as the ploughs. In industrial society, the capitalist class, namely those who own the factories and productive machines, rule the society.

The superstructure of the society is composed of all of the non-material institutions in the society such as religion, government, law, education, art, values, ideology and so forth. The answer is D.

Ideology hides the unacceptable sides of the reality.

According to Marx, class struggle is the driving force of social change.

Anarchy is typically defined as a society without state. Anarchism aims to eliminate the state and liberate people from political domination and economic exploitation. The roots of anarchism can be found in the thoughts of Taoists in ancient China, Greek philosophers, rioters in Middle Age Europe, and the leftists in the English Revolution. But it has become a clear ideology only after the collapse of feudalism. As an ideology “which combined the Renaissance’s growing sense of individualism with the Enlightenment’s belief in social progress”, anarchism emerged at the end of the 18th century.

Only for anarchists, the main source of social injustice is the existence of the state.

Leo Tolstoy was a Pacifist Anarchist.

Alienation is the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves. B is the correct answer.

In his surplus value theory, Marx adopts Ricardo’s iron law of wages. C is the correct answer.

Capitalism is an economic mode of production depending on the private property in which the means of production are owned by a small group of individuals. D is the correct answer.

Means of production include tools, machinery, factories, materials and land; and together with labor power, they constitute productive forces. E is the correct answer.

The superstructure of the society is composed of all of the non-material institutions in the society such as religion, government, law, education, art, values, ideology and so forth. A is the correct answer.

There is a fundamental contradiction, a conflict of interest between the two classes. C is the correct answer.

With Proudhon and Tolstoy, Godwin objected to the use of violence. A İs the correct answer.

Godwin is commonly accepted as the founder of modern anarchism. B is the correct answer.

Bakunin is known as the founder of collectivist anarchism and violent anarchism. E is the correct answer.

Malatesta advocated a form of communism which involved the common ownership of property and the socialization of production. D is the correct answer.

The intellectual life of Marx was mainly shaped by a unique combination of Hegelianism, French socialism and British political economy, so the correct answer is C. In general, the intellectual life of Marx was shaped by a unique mixture of Hegelianism (I. Kant, G. W. F. Hegel, L. Feuerbach), French socialism (J. J. Rousseau, H. Saint-Simon, P.J. Proudhon) and British political economy (Adam Smith and David Ricardo). In addition to these, he was also influenced by many philosophers and thinkers including but not limited to Epicurus, Young Hegelians, Robert Owen, Max Stirner and Charles Darwin.

The information about the other concepts in the options are as follows:

Marx accepted and adopted the dialectic as the essential logic of history. But, he did not accept the metaphysical assumptions of Hegel. Like Hegel, Marx also considered the dialectic as a means of accomplishing historical progress through struggle; yet he changed it since, for Marx, it was materialism which inspired the dialectic, not spiritualism.

Marxism and Anarchism both (a) emerged as reaction to the severe oppression during the mid-1850’s, (b) are materialists, (c) accept Marx’s surplus value theory, (d) believe that working class has the potential to destroy capitalism and create a classless society, (e) believe that the only way to destroy capitalism is revolution. The main differences among them are largely related to state. According to anarchists, the reason of class existence is the state, if there were no state, the society would be a classles one. Thus, if the state is eliminated, the classes would not exist anymore. Marxists on the other hand, considers that the state is the consequence of the class conflict. They consider that the capitalist state must first be overthrown in order to defeat capitalism. However, after the revolution, a proletarian state will take place and protect the achievements of the proletarian revolution.