SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCE

Correct answer is option A. The Pacifist Anarchists share the common idea that the use of violence is not a viable way for social change. In addition, violence and war are unjustifiable, indefensible and all changes should be made with peaceful means.

:All the ideas given in the question were supported by Leo Tolstoy. Tolstoy is regarded as one of the greatest anarchists, particularly within the Christian Anarchism. The law of God was superior to the law of men. According to Tolstoy, the basis of political power was physical violence. He criticized the fraud of government, the immortality of patriotism and the danger of militarism. Accordingly, the state was a consequence of the execution of the power of the strong over the weak. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The correct answer is option D. Mikhail Bakunin is among the Revolutionary Anarchists and he is known as the founder of collectivist anarchism and violent anarchism.

The correct answer is E. Alienation is defined as the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves.

The correct answer is option B. The value that workers produce above their wages, which is at the survival level, is called surplus value that is appropriated by capitalists as their profit.

The correct option is A. The superstructure is one of the basic parts of the society and it is composed of all of the non-material institutions in the society such as religion, government, law, education, art, values, ideology and so forth. It is determined by the foundation of the society. The means of production, though, is one of the factors of the substructure. The means of production are the resources and technology that a society makes use of.

The correct answer is option D. The institutions of superstructure serve not to the subject class but to the ruling class and they function as tools for the ruling class domination.

The correct answer is option C. Max Stirner is one of the individualist anarchists. He thinks that the state will eventually be removed as a result of the spread of egoism and it is not the responsibility of the individuals to eliminate the state.

The correct option is A since these stages are historically the primitive communism, empire, feudalism and capitalism.

The intellectual life of Marx was mainly shaped by a unique combination of Hegelianism, French socialism and British political economy. The correct option is B.

Alienation is the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves. The correct option is E.

Marx's surplus value theory adopts Ricardo's iron law of wages. The correct option is C.

According to Hegel, the world moves toward a goal, which is predetermined by God. He called this goal as “idea” and believed that people could not understand, change or escape from it.The correct option is B.

Humans have passed through four historical stages, all of which had particular economic (the foundation) and political (superstructure) systems. These stages are the primitive communism, slavery (empire), feudalism and capitalism. The correct option is E.

According to Marx, class struggle is the driving force of social change. The correct option is A.

Anarchy is typically defined as a society without state. The correct option is D.

Rightist anarchists advocate a society in which the differences of individuals are minimized. ey wish the government to be diminished so that individuals would achieve the best for their own interests. ey claim that the society will advance to the best when each individual tries to achieve the best for his/her own. The correct option is D.

William Godwin is commonly accepted as the founder of modern anarchism. The correct option is E.

Mikhail Bakunin is known as the founder of collectivist anarchism and violent anarchism. The correct option is A.

Alienation is the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves.