SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCE

According to Machiavelli, the main means of
The Prince is violence. A prince who wants to hold
power should not have any other purpose or thought
than war. The correct answer is A.

According to Machiavelli, the main means of
The Prince is violence. A prince who wants to hold
power should not have any other purpose or thought
than war. Machiavelli distinguishes between the
violence that is applied rightly and cruelties that
are applied wrongly when a prince is coming to the
power. However, this definition is not based entirely
on a moral basis, and for him, it is an appropriate
behavior for a prince to resort to violence intensely
at a time in order to secure himself against threads.
Once he defeats his enemies, a prince may leave
aside ruling by means of violence and begin to
take the most useful precautions for his subjects
(Abramson, 2014, 191). In addition to this, the
ruler should never stay away from the idea of war.
He must struggle with this thought in peace more
than in war. According to Machiavelli, violence may be a necessary means in politics, but it is rarely sufficient. The Machiavelist ruler must be both a lion and a fox at the same time: he must know in which case cunning and trick yield better results than directly using violence (Abramson, 2014: 195). The correct answer is C.

These theses had
social and political demands as much as theological
ones. These demands had three main consequences.
1. Catholic world was divided
2. The churches were brought under the
control of the states.
3. The bourgeoisie used these these demands
as a weapon against its opponents such
as aristocracy and the Roman Catholic
Church. (Ağaoğulları et al., 2016). The correct answer is D

Calvin claims that social order
organized in accord with the true religion is
composed of three elements:

1. The Governors, the source of duty is God.
2. Laws, as the products of natural justice imprinted in all minds by God.
3. The Governed, who are responsible to obey the governors as much as the laws of God (Ağaoğulları, et. al., 2016). So, the correct answer is A.

Bodin’s preference for the best form of
government is monarchy. Bodin bases his
preference for monarchy on three basic reasons. The correct answer is C.

The model of society that More represents in
Utopia is authoritarian, patriarchal, and hierarchical.
There is a total economic equality. The elderly,
husbands and fathers have respect and authority.
Property is collective, there is no competition,
and everyone works towards common interests
(Blackwell Political Thought Encyclopedia, 1994).
Utopia takes the Republic of Plato as an example
in some ways. There is a longing for the past in
this satire where there is an intense criticism of the
economy of the business life. Namely, the correct answer is D.

Hobbes says that there are three basic
characteristics belonging to human nature that
lead to conflict in the state of nature: competition,
insecurity and honor. The correct answer is B.

Sovereignty rights are identical whether it is
established by a covenant or by subjugation. Some
of the characteristics of the covenant are as follows:
1. First of all, as men establish the state by
consensus, not by a natural means, state is
artificial.
2. What men agree upon is that they surrender
their rights to the state in order to be in
peace and safe.

3. Each and every man equally surrender their
rights to the one and the same entity.
4. The sovereign is not included, only the
governed subjects are. The relationship
between the sovereign and the citizens is
one of inequality.
5. Any individual who agrees, authorizes
Leviathan in decisions in his name. The
superior government or sovereign power
has the right to use all the powers and
opportunities of all the people.
6. Only the sovereign power can keep the
covenant valid and sustainable. (Ağaoğulları,
et. al., 2016).

According to these information, the correct answer is given in option C.

Locke posits the natural law in such a way
that corresponds to human behavior and moral
law. Natural law indicates normative codes of what
ought to be. In this sense, it is universal. Natural
law corresponds to rational law. Locke’s nature is
defined by equality, freedom and rationality. So, the correct answer is option E.

Machiavelli had two different but interrelated
objectives. His personal objective was to return to
his active duty in the state. His second objective
arose from rejection of the past. According to
Machiavelli, the Italian city states, including
Florence, often had instability for that reason and
they obviously tended to decline. As a result, they
were dominated by external powers such as Spain,
France or the Papacy. Machiavelli’s second objective
was of political: to ensure stability and to free entire
Italy from any kind of secular or religious external
control. So, the correct answer is option D.