SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCE - Deneme Sınavı - 9

The correct answer is option B. The value that workers produce above their wages, which is at the survival level, is called surplus value that is appropriated by capitalists as their profit.

The correct option is A. The superstructure is one of the basic parts of the society and it is composed of all of the non-material institutions in the society such as religion, government, law, education, art, values, ideology and so forth. It is determined by the foundation of the society. The means of production, though, is one of the factors of the substructure. The means of production are the resources and technology that a society makes use of.

The correct answer is option D. The institutions of superstructure serve not to the subject class but to the ruling class and they function as tools for the ruling class domination.

The correct answer is option C. Max Stirner is one of the individualist anarchists. He thinks that the state will eventually be removed as a result of the spread of egoism and it is not the responsibility of the individuals to eliminate the state.

The correct option is A since these stages are historically the primitive communism, empire, feudalism and capitalism.

The intellectual life of Marx was mainly shaped by a unique combination of Hegelianism, French socialism and British political economy. The correct option is B.

Alienation is the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves. The correct option is E.

Marx's surplus value theory adopts Ricardo's iron law of wages. The correct option is C.

According to Hegel, the world moves toward a goal, which is predetermined by God. He called this goal as “idea” and believed that people could not understand, change or escape from it.The correct option is B.

Humans have passed through four historical stages, all of which had particular economic (the foundation) and political (superstructure) systems. These stages are the primitive communism, slavery (empire), feudalism and capitalism. The correct option is E.

According to Marx, class struggle is the driving force of social change. The correct option is A.

Anarchy is typically defined as a society without state. The correct option is D.

Rightist anarchists advocate a society in which the differences of individuals are minimized. ey wish the government to be diminished so that individuals would achieve the best for their own interests. ey claim that the society will advance to the best when each individual tries to achieve the best for his/her own. The correct option is D.

William Godwin is commonly accepted as the founder of modern anarchism. The correct option is E.

Mikhail Bakunin is known as the founder of collectivist anarchism and violent anarchism. The correct option is A.

Alienation is the process through which the workers become foreign to their labor, species, and themselves.

Workers did not work to produce for their needs; they worked to produce commodities which will be sold for profit of the capitalist.

Marx accepted and adopted the dialectic as the essential logic of history. But, he did not accept the metaphysical assumptions of Hegel. Like Hegel, Marx also considered the dialectic as a means of accomplishing historical progress through struggle; yet he changed it since, for Marx, it was materialism which inspired the dialectic, not spiritualism. Marx claimed that the dialectic was a conflict among worldly interests, and ideas were the results of such conflict. The answer is C.

Capitalism is an economic mode of production depending on the private property in which the means of production are owned by a small group of individuals. The answer is B.

The substructure is divided into two factors, the means of production and the relations of production. The means of production are the resources and technology that a society makes use of. Means of production include tools, machinery, factories, materials and land; and together with labor power, they constitute productive forces. The relations of production between social classes are determined by the affiliation between humans and the means of production. The ruling class in every society consists of people who own the property of the means of production. Therefore, in a pastoral animal breeding society, the owners of the most of the livestock is ruling class. In an agricultural society, the ruling class consist of people who own most of the land and agricultural implements such as the ploughs. In industrial society, the capitalist class, namely those who own the factories and productive machines, rule the society.

The superstructure of the society is composed of all of the non-material institutions in the society such as religion, government, law, education, art, values, ideology and so forth. The answer is D.