SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCE - Deneme Sınavı - 17

By the 18th century, the absolute monarchies were demised and paved the way towards the establishment of France and America. The events mentioned in the other choices have nothing to do with the establishment of France and America and they did not happen in the 18th century. The correct answer is A.

The authorities of the new term used political power in the name of people or the nation. Other choices are not suitable. The correct answer is C.

The Enlightenment period is also referred to as “Age of Reason”. Therefore, "reason" is the core concept of this term. Freedom is also a key concept but cannot be seen as the the main one. Other choices can remind us the French Revolution and other political events that happened in the 18th century and onwards. The correct answer is E.

A person that can be seen as an example of a "rational autonomous subject” believes the liberation of people from self-restraint. The person who is rational and autonomous moves with a reason and hold his/her destiny in their own hand. The correct answer, in this case, is A.

Four French philosophers above contributed to the development of the French Enlightenment. However, John Locke is an English philosopher. The correct answer is D.

The functioning of the economy occurs spontaneously in the direction of supply and demand. Adam Smith, in his well- known definition, described this situation with the metaphor of “invisible hand”. The correct answer is B.

According to Immanuel Kant, the private sphere represents the obligations of people to other constituents of society and to political power. Therefore, the correct answer here is C.

According to Montesquieu, climate and land determine the general characteristics of societies. People living in the southern regions have problems with authority. For this reason, people living in the South cannot develop a regular and strong union. This includes political structures they build. They build weaker states. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Montesquieu emphasized the idea of “limiting the state to the state”. The formula he finds in this regard is the understanding of the separation of powers. The correct answer is E.

Four matches above refer to a correct relationship between the concept and the philosopher. However, Hume was not famous with the notion of “enlightened despotism”. Actually he was criticising the concept. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

The Enlightenment thought places reason at its center. A is the correct answer.

The Enlightenment thinkers made an effort to establish an order in which the human reason can prevail in order to support the freedom of the individual. C is the correct answer.

Through the reform movement, the institutional authority of the church has undergone a powerful blow. D is the correct answer.

The leading names of the French Enlightenment are Condillac, Diderot, D'Alembert, Helvetius, Turgot and Voltaire. A is the correct answer.

The leading names of the French Enlightenment are Condillac, Diderot, D’Alembert, Helvetius, Turgot and Voltaire. E is the correct answer.

John Locke is a leading name in Scottish Enlightenment and he emphasizes the limitation of political power to protect individual rights. C is the correct answer.

Immanuel Kant is the most important name of the German Enlightenment idea. He has also provided one of the best-known definitions of Enlightenment: “Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity.” B is the correct answer.

Montesquieu’s first published work is headed by Persian Letters. In this work, he criticized the traditions and customs of his country in sarcastic way, in so-called mouths of two Iranians who visited France. This approach is quite harmonious with the critical point of view of all of Enlightenment. The purpose of the work is to show them how absurd the customs and habits that people correctly accept without being questioned. B is the correct answer.

Rousseau summarizes The Social Contract in terms of the individuals involved in the contract as follows: “Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and we as a body receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. E is the correct answer.

Tocqueville predicted that democracy will spread in different parts of the world in the future. According to Tocqueville, democracy is the most important form of government both in the time of its existence and in the future. E is the correct answer.