RUSYA, ORTA ASYA VE KAFKASYA

The term “Eurasia” is used in three ways: first, Eurasia is used both as a part of geographical and historical discourse. In a geographical term, in a broader
sense, Eurasia was a horizontal line from the Atlantic to the Pacific between the hotter peripheral regions in the south and the colder Arctic region in the north.

In the bipolar world system that emerged after 1945

Uzbekistan is the most populous country in the Central Asian region. Historical cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Tashkent served as capitals to different historical states.

German geographers (Alexander von Humboldt and Ferdinand von Richthofen)
first introduced the concept of Central Asia. They defined this region as a landlocked intercontinental space.

History attempts to explain the changes over time in human life, societies, institutions, political, economic activities, and relationships. In one sense, history is the study of things that have changed. In a way, history is one of the best ways to understand human experience and patterns of change withinsocieties, states, or the world.

Central Asia is topographically diverse as it is an immense landmass: great deserts such as Karakum, Kızıl Kum, Taklamakan, Gobi.

Eurasia, which includes Russia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, is one region where geopolitical games and power struggle has been intense.

Tatars lost their sovereignty in the middle of the sixteenth century

a Tsarist ideology was developed based on Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality.

The Russian Federation is the strongest and largest country in the Eurasian region as the true heiress of the Russian Tsarist Empire and the Soviet Union. Russia applies its geography and history to continue its primary position in the region. In other words, Russia attempts to preserve its geopolitical position in his “Near Abroad,” which she thinks she inherited from the Soviet Union, against other major powers endeavoring to fill the power vacuum that emerged in the region. To preserve its position, Russia puts pressure and control over the countries that gained their independence after the Soviet Union’s dissolution.

Moldova continues to be a part of the power struggle between the European Union and Russia.

the Central Asian region bears the names of Turan, Maverannahr, Desht-i
Kipchak, and Turkestan in different historical periods.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has the secondlargest territory after Russia among the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union.

Uzbekistan is the most populous country in the Central Asian region. Historical cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Tashkent served as capitals to different historical states. For these reasons, Uzbekistan is the center of Central Asia, both historically and geographically.

the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1830.

a shortlist can go a long way in explaining what ruined the USSR:

First, the Soviet Red Army lost the Afghan War against the Mujahedeen. 
Second, the strengthening of the opposition in Eastern European countries, which the Soviet Union controlled after the Second World War, reached the level to overthrow their socialist governments. 
Third, Germany and Japan, which had lost the Second World War, became economically stronger than the Soviet Union from the mid-1970s. 
Fourth, Ronald Reagan, who came to power in the United States with the 1980 election, restarted the arms race and defined the Soviet Union as an “Evil Empire.” 
Fifth, the Soviet Union economy, which implemented the socialist central plan economy, was not efficient. Since the economy does not operate according to the demand-supply relationship, difficulties began to be experienced in the 1980s in accessing consumer goods. 
Sixth, the Soviet Union was a multinational state. Gorbachev’s reform policies also paved the way for openly expressed nationalist demands in the Soviet Union.

The Urals mountain range runs from north to south. This mountain range divides Russia into the west (Europe) and east (Siberia) and separates Europe from Asia (Blinnikov, 2011, p. 11).

The separation of the Caucasus mountain range by deep gorges cut the North Caucasus from the South Caucasus. For this reason, the North Caucasus has become one of the most linguistically diverse regions on earth because each community lived in relative isolation from the others.

In October 1853, a war broke out between Russia and the Ottoman Empires over a dispute over Russia’s role as the patron of Orthodox living in the Ottoman state and over religious rights in Jerusalem and the surrounding Holy Land. Tsar Nicholas saw this conflict further increasing Russian influence over the Ottoman Empire and realizing his dream of conquering Istanbul. However, Britain, France, and Piedmont states allied with the Ottoman Empire and sent their troops to Crimea. The Ottoman army and allied forces conquered Sevastopol. Russia accepted defeat and signed the Paris Peace Treaty in 1856. This war was a sign for Russia that the Western great powers would not allow Russia to fully control Ottoman lands and politics (Diller, 1993, pp. 18-19).

As it can be seen from the text above, Tsar Nicholas accepted the defeat, not the Ottoman empire.

In the middle of the 14th century, Amir Timur controlled the region and beyond. He created a great state, comprising the whole territory of Central Asia. After Timur, Central Asia was not controlled by one power until the Russian invasion’s completion in the second half of the 19th century.