PSİKOLOJİ

Generosity is a normal behaviour. In every society, there are social expectations, norms and values. As long as you obey societal norms, your behavior is considered as normal. Definitions of normality depends on the person’s time, place and situation. It changes along with what society expects from you. Normal behavior is often only recognized in contrast to abnormality.The correct answer is E.

Ego is the rational part of mind which is concerned with behaving in a way that is socially acceptable. The correct answer is B.

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder. The correct answer is D.

Agoraphobia is fear of crowded public. The correct answer is C.

Nyctohylophobia is a fear of darkness. The correct answer is B.

Fear of being infected with contagious diseases and microbes; for example not shaking hands with other people and developing a fear of being infected with an illness. The correct answer is A.

“Dissociative amnesia (loss of memory) is about the sudden loss of important information (knowledge) due to stressful and traumatic incidents although the capacity to learn new information is not deteriorated. Such a memory loss cannot be considered a simple forgetfulness problem. The person cannot remember personal information, typically for a specific event (death of a loved one) or period of time, although it can extend to one’s entire identity (who am I). The correct answer is C.

In Bipolar disorder, the individual experiences both depression and excitement. It is a mood disorder that manifests itself in the form of alternating periods of depression and mania. There are changes in an individual’s mood and behavior switching between an over excited state called manic and a state of feeling hopeless called depressive. If the symptoms are a mix of those experienced in the manic and depressive states, the state is called mixed. The correct answer is D.

“Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with oneself. People with narcissistic personality disorder believe they are superior or special. They have the following symptoms: • Exaggerate own importance • He/or she is preoccupied with fantasies of success, power, beauty, intelligence • Requires constant attention and admiration from others • Has unreasonable expectations of favorable treatment • Takes advantage of others to reach his or her own goals • Disregards the feelings of others, lacks empathy • Is often envious of others or believes other people are envious of him or her • Shows arrogant behaviors and attitudes. The correct answer is A.

The symptoms mentioned above are symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia. The correct answer is C.

While some take childhood life a criterion when defining abnormal behaviors, others take present time as the criterion. Some approaches, on the other hand, suggest that behaviors are determined through external factors. At this point, there are four main approaches.

• Psychodynamic Approach

• Cognitive Behaviorist Approach

• Humanist – Existentialist approach

• Sociocultural Approach

Psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud. He believed adult abnormality was caused by unresolved conflicts in early childhood. He said that abnormal behavior arise from mental conflicts and drives that the person has been unable to resolve or coordinate with the realities of life and that therefore generate anxiety.

Behaviorist approach argues that abnormal behaviors occur because of learned behaviors like all other behaviors. It assumes that, unlike classical conditioning and operant conditioning, abnormal behaviors are shaped by the effects of internal processes such as expectations and a wish to see the results of the things done.

Table 8.1 on page 189

On the other hand, not having a single specific reason for a phobia can be suggested for “complex” phobias. Such phobias may have multi-dimensional reasons. To illustrate, the reason of “fear of open areas (agoraphobia)” might be observed in different dimensions such as coming together with other people, meeting with strangers or simply talking on the phone.

“Dissociative amnesia (loss of memory) is about the sudden loss of important information (knowledge) due to stressful and traumatic incidents although the capacity to learn new information is not deteriorated.

The majority group is evaluated as “normal” and the ones on the extreme points are considered “abnormal”. The correct answer is E.

Id wants immediate gratification of its desires. The correct answer is A.

Sudden whole memory loss is called dissociative fugue. The patient sets off for an unplanned sudden travel to a far place because of a refusal, loss, failure, marriage problems or financial problems. He/she does not remember an important portion of his/her previous identity and often adopts a new one. This travel is often an idle one, and the individual suffers from serious memory loss. More interestingly, he/she is not aware of this situation. He/she looks quite normal –not weird-with the new identity. Sometimes, the individual may experience confusion and control problems.

There are four different concepts regarding human cognition and these are:

• Cognitive structures: how an individual organizes information; for example, do they see a spider as just another daily object that they need to live with or do they see that spider as an object of fear?

• Cognitive content: whether a person thinks negatively or positively about certain situations

• Cognitive processes: how individuals then process this information and operate on it and whether they do so in a rational or irrational way

• Cognitive products: this refers to the conclusion that the individual will draw from the processed information

The correct answer is C.