PSİKOLOJİ

The options A, C, D, and E include incorrect information about abnormal behaviors. The only true information regarding abnormal behaviors is that the concept “abnormal behaviors” is the most comprehensive one since it also includes strange behaviors of normal individuals. Therefore, the answer is B.

All the option except for A, are examples of "Personal Disorder". Any behavior that
diverges or differs from the acceptable norms of the society are considered abnormal as in this example 'While an individual can eat something during a football match or concert, it is not possible or appropriate to eat something in a mosque or during a symphony concert'. Thus, the answer is A.

Psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud. Therefore, the answer is D.

There are four different concepts regarding human cognition and these are; cognitive structures, cognitive content, cognitive processes, and cognitive products. Cognitive solution is not a concept of human cognition. Thus, the answer is E.

According to Humanist – Existentialist Approach, individuals are born with a tendency to behave ideally in terms of psychological development, growth and healthy balance. Therefore, the answer is C.

Somatoform disorders are psychological difficulties displayed through physical problems like hypochondriasis, and conversion disorders. Therefore, the answer is B.

The options A, B, C, and E are psychological symptoms of general anxiety while Muscle tension-Shivering and failure of relaxation in muscles are physical symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Thus, the answer is D.

Shortness of breath, feeling like you are choking, dizziness (vertigo), and chest pain or tightness are among the common symptoms of a panic attack, yet numb legs is not a common symptom. Thus, the answer is A.

Fear of death is an example of Thanatophobia. Thus, the answer is E.

Hypochandriasis refers to the situation when an individual is too much interested in his/her body functions and develops irrational beliefs about disorders or illnesses affecting the functions of his/her internal organs. Thus, the answer is B.

“Normality means being healthy. According to this traditional view of normal, healthy person is the one who does not have any illnesses. Normality refers to average values. Normality is a process, and normal behavior is a common product of a system interacting within itself. In other words, normality refers to the changes an organism rather than definning a particular situation at a particular time.

Ego is the rational part of mind. Ego is concerned with behaving in a way that is socially acceptable.

Behaviorist approach argues that abnormal behaviors occur because of learned behaviors like all other behaviors. It assumes that, unlike classical conditioning and operant conditioning, abnormal behaviors are shaped by the effects of internal processes such as expectations and a wish to see the results of the things done. There are four different concepts regarding human cognition and these are: • Cognitive structures: how an individual organizes information,

Humanist – Existentialist Approach : According to this approach, individuals are born with a tendency to behave ideally in terms of psychological development, growth and healthy balance. This tendency is called self-realization. In this approach, the individual consistently expresses his wishes and needs according to his own psychological development needs. Such an expression pattern is sometimes observed as aggressiveness, sometimes as sexuality and sometimes as a wish to be independent.

Disturbingly intense experience of fear or terror despite the lack of rational reason is called panic disoder.

People with this disorder live in fear of having a panic attack. Common symptoms associated with a panic attack include:

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The individuals having this psychological illness develop habits that they repeat quite often but are not able to control them easily.    The involuntary ideas that individuals cannot control are called obsession. Ritual behaviors repeated continuously by individuals are called compulsion.

Hypochondriasis refers to the situation when an individual is too much interested in his/her body functions and develops irrational beliefs about disorders or illnesses affecting the functions of his/her internal organs.

Bipolar disorder: the individual experiences both depression and excitement. It is a mood disorder that manifests itself in the form of alternating periods of depression and mania. There are changes in an individual’s mood and behavior switching between an over excited state called manic and a state of feeling hopeless called depressive.

“Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with oneself. People with narcissistic personality disorder believe they are superior or special. They have the following symptoms: