PSİKOLOJİ

Opiton C and D are two main objective tests. The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a projective test that is specifically designed in order to assess unconscious thoughts and motives that contribute to certain behavioral patterns. The Rorschach Inkblot Test was developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 and includes ambiguous inkblot figures 7.1. The correct answer is C.

Relying on factor analysis, Eysenck and his wife Sybil developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and suggested that personality could be understood in terms of three dimensions: neuroticism versus emotional stability, extraversion versus introversion, and psychoticism versus impulse control. The correct answer is A.

We keep information such as what we have done last summer, or what we ate yesterday, or the meanings of the words we know in the preconscious layer of the mind. The correct answer is B.

Psychoanalytic theory depicts Id, Ego and Superego as the three basic dynamic structures of personality. Id involves biological impulses, drives and motives. That’s why it’s usually described as the most primitive part of the personality. Id operates according to the pleasure principle. Think about a newborn baby. When the baby needs something (i.e., s/he might be hungry), s/he looks for immediate gratification. The correct answer is C.

Suppression is the conscious attempt to hide or prevent unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives. The correct answer is A.

Denial is defined as ignoring the threatening, anxiety provoking thoughts, feelings, motives, or sometimes even events and realities. The correct answer is D.

Psychosexual development begins with the Oral Stage, lasting from birth to 12-18 months. In this stage, the center of libido (erogenous zone) is the mouth. Hence, the baby feels pleasure from sucking behaviour and s/he tries to take everything in the mouth. The correct answer is C.

Jung developed the theory of archetypes, which are defined as the thoughts and images that are shared universally across cultures. The five major archetypes in Jung’s theory are the persona, ego, anima/animus, shadow, and the self. The correct answer is B.

The major conflict "Identity vs. Role Conflict" comes out in the Adolescence stage according to Erik Erikson's theory. The correct answer is E.

When the person fulfills the previous four groups of needs, Maslow indicates that the behaviors will be motivated by the need for self-actualization, which is at the top of the hierarchy. The correct answer is C.

We can define personality as a psychological construct that characterizes our relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting, which is unique to us and differentiates us from other people. Personality is the psychological mechanism that organizes how people perceive and interact with their environment, so that their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur in accordance with each other.

Subjective tests refer to the interview method. The interview questions vary depending on the context; whether it is a clinical or a job interview. For instance, a clinical interview generally include, questions about present and past experiences, as well as questions aiming to assess any psychological characteristics that might contribute to the client’s present complaints. In addition, behavioral observation during the interview (i.e., general attitude, nonverbal behaviors, motivation, or insight) provides information about the personality. Subjective assessment ensures fruitful information.

Two well-known projective tests are Rorschach Inkblot Test . Rorschach Inkblot Test was developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 and includes ambiguous inkblot figures while the TAT, developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray in 1935 consists of various pictures that are asked to be verbalized in stories.

Temperament reflects the biological part of the personality that is observable in the manners of little children. Personality, on the other hand, is composed of the whole set of acquired characteristics throughout one’s life.

As the baby grows up, s/he learns about the expectations and rules of her/his parents as well as the society. Developing at the ages of 4-5, Superego represents moral rules, social norms and values. In order to meet (or not to violate) these norms, it has to control the impulses of the id. However, superego seeks for perfection in terms of morality, so it might be forbidding and punitive. If the standards of the superego are not met, this might lead to feeling of guilt. Superego operates mostly at the unconscious level.

Suppression is the conscious attempt to hide or prevent unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives. Repression, on the other hand, operates at the unconscious level.

Fixation: In classical psychoanalysis, fixation occurs when the conflict in a certain stage of psychosexual development is not resolved. In this case, the person becomes unconsciously fixated to that specific stage and develops neurotic reactions, such as overindulgence with the erogenous zone, a person or an object related to that stage.

In Rogers person-centered theory, organismic trust refers to one’s trusting their own judgments of right and wrong.

Neuroticism is defined as the chronic instability of emotional adjustment, low frustration toleration due to one’s degree of control over her/his urges and maladaptive coping responses with regard to the emotional context. Accordingly, high levels of Neuroticism contribute negatively to the psychological well-being and it is associated with proneness to psychological distress.