PSİKOLOJİ

Subjective tests refer to the interview method; objective tests are standardized paper-pencil tests; Two well-known projective tests are Rorschach Inkblot Test and TAT; projective Tests utilize the freeassociation technique that requires the person
to look at an ambiguous source. Thus, the answer is C.

Projective tests have been criticized for not being reliable and valid. Thus the answer is E.

Psychoticism is related with male sex hormones and indicates an impulsive and aggressive tendency. Thus, the answer is A.

The biggest psychosexual conflict, girls feeling as if they are disabled and incomplete, boys feeling sexual urges towards their mothers, and children discovering their sexuality, gender, gender differences, and social meanings happen during the phallic stage. Only the last option "children being uninterested in sexuality, their own bodies or other people’s bodies" belong to the Latency stage. Therefore, the answer is E.

Horney highlighted the effect of interpersonal relations and social factors on the development of personality, and she basically claimed that the basic anxiety in childhood, characterized by feeling insecure and helpless, is more fundamental in personality development. Thus the answer is A.

A positive reinforcement is “giving something” in order to increase the frequency of a behavior. For instance; the mother gives her attention when her baby smiles or a father treats his child to an ice cream cone when he stays quiet and obedient during a shopping trip. Negative reinforcement is “removing something” in order to increase the frequency of a behavior. For example, when you get into a car you might hear a disturbing noise which is only removed when you wear your seatbelt. A positive punishment is giving something that wasn’t previously evident in the environment, like the teacher’s scolding behavior. Thus, the answer is B.

Humanistic approach differentiates from other perspectives in the sense that, it doesn’t focus on flaws and weaknesses of human beings. Thus, the answer is C.

The first one is physiological needs which consists of basic needs, for survival, like oxygen, food, water and sleep. Once you have secured your physiological needs, your second concern would be safety needs such as house and shelter. Then, the third stage is love & belonging needs. Next, there are esteem needs which include being
respected and recognized by others. When the person fulfills these four groups of needs, the behaviors will be motivated by the need for self-actualization, which is at the top of the hierarchy. Thus, the answer is D.

The factors (or Big Five Traits) are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness,
Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience. Consciousness is not among those traits. Therefore, the answer is E.

Option B and C are features of 'Agreeableness', option D is a feature of 'Openness to Experience', and option E is a feature of 'Neuroticism'. Thus, the right answer is A.

Free-Association: In classical psychoanalysis, the patient lies on a couch, talks about part of a dream or a memory and free-associates, that is he/she expresses whatever comes to his/ her mind, though the content might be irrelevant, unacceptable or shameful.

Suppression is the conscious attempt to hide or prevent unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives.

Suppression is the conscious attempt to hide or prevent unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives. Repression, on the other hand, operates at the unconscious level.

Superego represents moral rules, social norms and values.

In order to deal with the unacceptable motives, feelings, etc., the ego sometimes unconsciously adopts the opposite motives and feelings, which is called reaction formation.

Projection is defined simply as projecting one’s unacceptable drives, feelings, motives, faults and flows to other people.

Intellectualization is explaining the situation in intellectual terms and occurs when the ego is trying to avoid facing with the real threat or conflicting emotions.

The term “reinforcement schedules” describes how and when the reinforcements and punishments are applied. There are four schedules of reinforcement: fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval and variable ratio.

Respondent behavior is any kind of automatic response that is elicited by a specific stimulus, suchas an eye blink as a response to a blow.

Selfactualization means that every individual is in a constant struggle of achieving their full potential, and this is what makes life meaningful for human beings.