PSİKOLOJİ

Adolescence

Middle adulthood

Problems experienced in early developmental periods have negative influences on one's future life.

Observable and quantifiable behaviors should be taken into account to understand human development.

Holding up a toy

Actions or mental representations to organize information.

Concerete operations

It merely indicates the physical changes in adolescence period.

Identity moratorium

Integrity vs despair

Plastic component: Plasticity, one of the main aspects in developmental studies, is described as the ability to change, to be shaped, and to be developed. For example, think about yourself acquiring a second language after your 30s. Would you follow the same developmental path as a child, who acquires a second language in his/her early childhood, i.e. 4 years of age. Developmental scientists have been trying to enucleate how much plasticity human beings have in different aspects of development in different stages of life.

Late adulthood is the longest period which begins in 60s and goes until death. This is the time for revising the entire life and settling down in many aspects. Since this period can be the longest, there are lots of variations among individuals. For example, chronic stress can affect health at this stage.

See Photo 6.11 discontinuity page:129

Continuity vs Discontinuity: This topic of debate concentrates on whether or not
human development consists of cumulative or specific stages. Continuity principle emphasizes the gradual and cumulative development, while discontinuity takes development in hand as sequences of certain stages, which indicate qualitative change.

Table 6.3 Psychosocial Developmental Stages

Behavioral Theories: According to the behavioral perspective,  is understood by only looking at observable and quantitative behaviors. These theories suggested that a human baby is born with a tabula rasa and s/he learns and develops through behavioral experience. From this perspective, that is why human learning processes should be examined.

Two famous behavioral theorists are B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. Skinner (operant conditioning) proposed that a human being learns basically through the
reward and punishment principle. On the other hand, Bandura (social-cognitive theory) extended this proposal and highlighted the importance of observational learning.

Table 6.5 Milestones for gross motor development

Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between the child’s own perspective and the perspective of others.

Around 4 and 5 years of age, children develop self-understanding by considering their own traits. Children at this stage, have advanced skills of expressing emotions, recognizing and understanding emotions, and monitoring their own emotions (emotion regulation).

Personal fable is the feeling of uniqueness and invulnurability

Identity achievement: Adolescents in this status have already passed a crisis and made a commitment.