PSİKOLOJİ

Toddlerhood is the period from 18-24 months to 36 months of age. This is the time for toddlers to explore the environment both physically and psychologically. This period functions as a kind of bridge between infancy and early childhood. The correct answer is E.

Early childhood is the period that has been described usually as preschool time. During this period, children typically follow a certain developmental path in terms of different aspects of development. They usually tend to become self-sufficient, since they learn and start to use social cues and rules in this period. The correct answer is D.

Early adulthood is the period from 20s to late 30s. Individuals in this period go through the following phases: becoming a member of the ‘adult world’ by having a job, making money and becoming economically independent, having romantic relationships to form a family, and have kids, etc.. The correct answer is C.

In contrast with psychoanalytic theories, Cognitive theories put an emphasis on processes on conscious level. The correct answer is A.

Among Cognitive Developmental Stages, an adolescent begins to think and understand abstract concepts and events in a more complex and reasonable way in Formal Operational stage. The correct answer is B.

Shape Constancy is the recognition that the shape of an object remains the same when the orientation of that object is changed. The correct answer is E.

Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between the child’s own perspective and the perspective of others. The correct answer is D.

Self-efficacy is one’s belief in his/her own capability and ability to accomplish something. The correct answer is A.

Personal fable is the feeling of uniqueness and invulnerability. The correct answer is B.

Adolescents in 'Identity moratorium' this status experience a crisis that has been going on, but their commitment might be weak or they do not show any commitment. The correct answer is C.

Under normal circumstances, we basically follow the same developmental path across years. We produce our first words around 12 months of age, we increasingly explore the environment around 2 years of age, we start to acquire abstract thinking around the begining of puberty, we have an increased need for affiliation with social agents around adulthood, and if we are lucky to live enough, we experience the physical, cognitive and emotional changes of aging in the final phase.

Multidimensional component: Human development is multidimensional; that is, it includes many different aspects which can influence one another. Thinking patterns, emotional states, perception on relationships, etc., might change with age, and any change in one area might affect another change in another area.

Cognitive Processes: Cognitive processes arise from the mental state of an individual, such as thought, memory, attention, language acquisition, etc., Whatever an individual does during mental processing can affect the change in cognitive processes, and, in turn, human development. For example; memorizing names, solving Sudoku puzzle or any other cognitive task, using cognitive map on the roads as a taxi driver influence the change in cognitive processes.

Early adulthood is the period from 20s to late 30s. Individuals in this period go through the following phases: becoming a member of the ‘adult world’ by having a job, making money and becoming economically independent, having romantic relationships to form a family, and have kids, etc.

Stability vs Change: To what extent do ones early characteristics and patterns continue for the rest of one’s life? This is the question of stability vs change debate. Stability part highlights the importance of heredity and exposure to environmental in early life. Change part emphasis the importance of experiences later in life might also influence the outcome of human being. Thus, who you were does not necessarily affect who you will be.

Cognitive Theories: In contrast with psychoanalytic theories, Cognitive theories put an emphasis on processes on conscious level. Important cognitive theories are Cognitive Developmental Theory developed by Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Socio-Cultural Cognitive Theory developed by Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934). According to Piaget’s theory, children follow four developmental stages: the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage. During these stages; two processes help children to construct their mind: and shape their way of thinking about the world as they go through these stages: organization and adaptation. Each stage represents a distinct way of thinking, and a child adopts a different way of thinking in each stage.

Reflexes Infants are born with basic reflexes, which are uncontrolled- automatic reactions to external stimuli. All reflexes have a survival value.

At the age of 18-24 months, which is called the substage of internalization of schemes, babies are able to use mental representations and symbols.

Egocentrism refers to not being able to differentiate between child’s own perspective and other’s perspective. Children gradually gain the capability to see other individual’s perspective, and distinguish between two perspectives.

Especially four distinct areas in the brain are important to be mentioned during adolescence. The first one is prefrontal cortex, which is the “decision’’ part of the brain. It is responsible for decision making, logic, reasoning and many other aspects. This part keeps on developing until early adulthood.