PSİKOLOJİ

According to multidisciplinary component human development is a very unique and special area of science in which various types of disciplines can work together. For example, memory can be examined by neuroscience, developmental science, cognitive science, even social science when it comes to collective memory. Thus, the answer is A.

According to Baltes and his associates (2006); the lifespan development of a human being usually consists of conflicts and competition between growth, maintenance and regulation of loss. Thus, the answer is B.

Middle and late childhood is the period from 6 years to 10-11 years of age, adolescence is the period from 10-12 years to 18-21 years of age, early childhood is the period from 3 to 5 years of age, infancy is the period from birth to 18-24 months of age, and toddlerhood is the period from 18-24 months to 36 months of age. Therefore, the answer is E.

Middle and late childhood is the period which usually ends with the signs of puberty. Adolescence starts with the signs of puberty. Thus, the answer is D.

Nature and Nurture is concerned with whether human development
is affected by nature (genetic makeup) or nurture (environment). Thus, the answer is C.

B and C are the concerns of 'Stability and Change' while D and E are the concerns of 'Nature and Nurture'. 'Continuity and Discontinuity' concentrates on whether or not
human development consists of cumulative or specific stages. Thus, the answer is A.

Freud’s theory has been criticized since it pays great attention to sexual instintcs
and since it does not mention the potential effects of culture. Thus, the answer is B.

The zone of proximal development was defined as “the distance between the actual
development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.’ Thus, the answer is E.

Cephalocaudal pattern is the pattern of development that begins at the top
of the body and gradually follows a path from top to down. Therefore, the answer is D.

Animism is thinking that objects that are not alive have qualities like things that are alive, and thus, thinking that these objects can move or act like alive things. Thus, the answer is B.

Development is a process which exhibits a pattern of change in the growth of someone throughout his/her lifespan.

The prenatal period refers to the process in the womb, which approximately takes 37-40 weeks in order to complete its full term. A single cell gradually evolves into embryo, fetus, and baby.

Reflexes are uncontrolled-automatic reactions to external stimuli and they have a survival value.

See the table 6.5:  Milestones for gross motor development.

Sensation occurs when external stimuli interact with sensory receptors.

Shape Constancy is the recognition that the shape of an object remains the same when the orientation of that object is changed.

Schemes are actions or mental representations to help for systematizing the information in the world.

Self-esteem is a feeling satisfied, being confident with and respec to one’s own self.

Self-efficacy is one’s belief in his/her own capability and ability to accomplish something.

Puberty is a process that starts in early adolescence. It is results from the changes in the brain-neuroendocrine system and it triggers rapid physical changes.