PSİKOLOJİ

Maturation: An organism has to be mature enough in terms of both age and mental processes in order for effective learning to be achieved. Influential over learning, maturing generally refers to two concepts: age and intelligence. For instance, humans have the species-specific tools to talk, but they cannot talk until they reach a certain age. In addition, they cannot solve survival problems before they attain a certain mental level.

Table 5.1 on page 98

NS = Neutral Stimulus

UCS = Unconditioned Stimulus

UCR = Unconditioned Response

CS = Conditioned Stimulus

CR = Conditioned Response

In one of Thorndike’s experiments, a hungry cat was placed in a cage that could be unlocked with a little effort to see if the cat would make it to the other cage for food. Thorndike observed that the cat was able to open the cage through accidental/coincidental trials. As the number of experimental sessions increased, the cat’s behavior turned out to be more purposeful. In addition, the number of trials exhibited by the cat decreased with every experimental session. This way of behaving is called learning through trial and error. Then, Thorndike proposed that appropriate behaviors become stronger depending on the cat’s success and failure. The decrease in the number of trails and errors in time indicated that the animal was learning

Table 5.2 on page 105

Developed by Tolman (1886-1959), who disagreed with Thorndike’s ideas, purposive behaviorism is mainly a cognitive learning theory. Tolman suggested that an organism can learn without any reinforcement process. According to him, if a behavior serves a goal, it can be learned; if not, it cannot. Tolman supported this view of his via labyrinth experiments he conducted with rats.

In insight learning, problems are solved via four stages:

1. Preparation to solve the problem (Sultan’s thinking to reach the bananas)

2. Conducting mental and kinetic trials to solve the problem (Sultan’s trial jumps to get the bananas)

3. Incubation (Sultan’s sitting and thinking in one of the corners of the room)

4. Sudden illumination of the solution (Sultan’s sudden movement to attach the cues and reach the bananas)

Learning through observation is the dominant concept in social learning theory suggested by Albert Bandura in 1977. The name of the theory was updated to cognitive-social learning theory based on the importance of cognitive characteristics such as beliefs, sense of self, self-competencies, and expectations. Bandura stated that people learn through observation.

There are two kinds of reinforcement: positive reinforcement can be considered rewarding. The existence of a pleasant stimulus in the learning environment raises the odds for the recurrence of the same behavior in the future. Praising a child is an example for positive reinforcement. The correct answer is C.

Learning through observation, as described by social-cognitive learning theory, is realized via four steps. These steps are Attention, Retention, Production and Motivation. The correct answer is E.

The answer is D.

The answer is B.

The answer is A.

The answer is D.

The answer is C.

The answer is A.

The answer is B.

The answer is E.

The answer is D.

The answer is B.