PSİKOLOJİ

The trichromatic theory is based on the idea that the light of a particular wave length stimulates the three different receptor mechanisms, each with different spectral sensitivities (also called Young – Helmhotz theory of color vision). These three colors are red, green, and blue. Each of these color-sensitive cone cells has different degrees of sensitivity, with blue cones being the most sensitive and red cones being the least. This activity pattern results in the perception of color. Color deficiencies are usually explained by thrichromatic theory. In the absence of any of the cone types or an altered absorption spectrum in one or more of the photopigments lead to color perception problems. Color blindness is a fairly common condition and mostly seen in men. This is because the cone photopigment genes are located on the X-chromosome (men have only one X-chromosome).

The correct answer is B.

Monocular pictorial cues are the source of depth information (Figure 4.6):

• Occlusion: This is a result of nearer objects covering up part of farther objects.

• Relative height: Objects that are below the horizon and have their bases higher in the field of view are usually seen as being more distant.

• Relative size: When two objects are of equal size, the one that is farther away will take up less of your field view than the one that is closer.

• Familiar size: We use this cue when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the size of objects.

• Atmospheric perspective: It occurs when more distant objects appear less sharp accompanied with a slight blue tint.

• Linear perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in depth. 

• Shadowing or Shading: When objects appear in front of the shadow, the angle and sharpness of the shadow will influence the amount of depth perceived.

• Texture Gradient: Elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases.

Monocular pictorial cues are the source of depth information (Figure 4.6):

• Occlusion: This is a result of nearer objects covering up part of farther objects.

• Relative height: Objects that are below the horizon and have their bases higher in the field of view are usually seen as being more distant.

• Relative size: When two objects are of equal size, the one that is farther away will take up less of your field view than the one that is closer.

• Familiar size: We use this cue when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the size of objects.

• Atmospheric perspective: It occurs when more distant objects appear less sharp accompanied with a slight blue tint.

• Linear perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in depth. 

• Shadowing or Shading: When objects appear in front of the shadow, the angle and sharpness of the shadow will influence the amount of depth perceived.

• Texture Gradient: Elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increase.

The correct answer is D.

There are four principles of law of proximity that the Gestalt psychologists proposed to explain how perceptual grouping occurs: Grouping by (a) proximity; (b) common region; (c) connectedness and (d) synchrony.

(a) Proximity: When things are near each other, they appear to be grouped together.

(b) Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together, and this phenomenon is called principle of common region.

(c) The principle of uniform connectedness states that a connected region of visual properties, such as lightness, color, texture, or motion, is perceived as a single unit

(d) The principle of synchrony states that visual events occurring at the same time are perceived as belonging together.

The correct answer is A.

Sound waves first reach the outer ear, which is the visible part of the hearing system. The main function of the outer ear is to catch the voice from the outside world and transmit it to the other parts of the ear. The sound wave reaches the eardrum through an ear canal. When the sound waves reach the eardrum (tympanic membrane), They cause vibration. As a result of this, the vibrations coming to the center are transmitted to the middle ear. The middle ear contains three bones: anvil, stirrup and hammer. The sound wave arriving at the inner ear reaches the structure of the cochlea, which resembles a snail shell. The fluid in the cochlea vibrates as a result of sound waves. There is also a section inside the cochlea that contains the hearing neurons called the hair cell. These neural signals are then transmitted to the hearing center and hearing-related areas in the brain.

The correct answer is E.

The sense of smell is important for most species because it is often the primary source of perceiving the environment. The animals, which have a highly developed sense of smell are macrosmatic. The sense of smell is not that crucial to our survival, so humans are microsmatic. The most basic function of the sense of smell in vertebrate animals is to catch the chemical stimuli in the air (Figure 4.15). Animals sometimes emit odor and serve as the source of stimulus, (for instance during mating behavior)4. Basicly in humans, the sense of smell plays a role in behaviors such as finding nutrition and orienting themselves in the environment. It has also a role on social relations.

The correct answer is D.

Olfactory adaptation is the reduction in response to a continuing smell.Olfaction is more important for our survival than we think. It serves as an olfactory warning system in dangerous situations, such as gas leakage or rotten food.

The correct answer is E.

The surface of the tongue contains many ridges and valleys caused by the presence of structures called papillae. All of the papillae (except the filiform papillae) contain taste buds (Figure 4.16.), and the whole tongue contains about 10,000 taste buds. When a bud is examined in detail, it is observed that between 40 and 100 taste cells are present. The signals formed in the receptors are sent to the brain stem and then to the cerebral cortex via the taste signal. The taste of the thing that the person eats is determined by the arrival of these signals at the brain.

The correct answer is B.

Transduction is the transformation of one form of energy into another form of energy. The correct answer is A.

Perception is the process of analyzing, recognizing, interpreting, and organizing information. The correct answer is B.

The pupil regulates the amount of light according to its brightness (by contracting and dilating). The correct answer is C.

The role of receptor cells is to convert the light energy into neural messages. The correct answer is D.

At the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no photoreceptors, so the reflected light cannot be processed. For this reason, this point is called
the blind spot. The correct answer is E.

Humanbeings can see many colors, but they only have 3 types of cones that receive information about color: red, green, and blue. The correct answer is A.

There are four principles of law of proximity that the Gestalt psychologists proposed to explain how perceptual grouping occurs: Grouping by (a) proximity; (b) common region; (c) connectedness and (d) synchrony. The correct answer is B.

A sound wave is defined by three components: frequency, amplitude and phase. The correct answer is C.

The animals, which have a highly developed sense of smell are called macrosmatic. The correct answer is D.

The rods and cones are  the receptor cells on the retina. The correct answer is A.

The main principle of perception is based on electrical signals that are created in the receptors in our nervous system. Transduction is the transformation of one form of energy into another form of energy. After transforming energy into electrical signals, neurons are activated. The correct option is C.

Sensation includes the information contained in the enviromental stimuli that are captured by the relevant sensory system and transmitted to the brain. Perception, on the other hand, is the process of analyzing, recognizing, interpreting, and organizing this information. The correct option is B.