PSİKOLOJİ

Motive It is a general term covering wishes, needs, drives and interests that induce an organism to act towards a purpose.

Drive Bodily needs such as hunger, thirst and sex creating state of tension or arousal are called a drives.

Biological factors are not always necessary in the emergence of some behaviors. Any condition around the individual may act as a stimulant for a specific behavior. For instance, even if you own a new and multi-functional mobile phone, you may tend to buy a new one.   Incentives refer to non-biological elements that appeal to an individual even if he does not feel any need and trigger him for an action accordingly.

Organisms need the regular intake of some basic needs such as water, air and food to continue their life in a healthy way. Homeostasis explains how much of these substances should be taken by body to keep a balance. Homeostasis refers to a biological balance displaying an internal stable condition regarding how and how much food will be taken by the organism.

Primary motives refer to common and unlearned drives that emerge due to biological needs and direct human behaviors accordingly. All biological drives such as hunger, thirst and sexuality are among primary drives.

Stimulant-based motives, which are examples of unlearned motives, mainly depend on external stimulants and aim to obtain information from nearby environment. Motives such as curiosity and scrutiny direct individuals to search and change nearby environment.

The needs from the bottom level to the top can be listed as follows respectively:

Emotions are complex processes that affect human behaviors. In fact, emotions, which can be defined as what individuals feel about something, are the drives that induce behaviors. Human beings have been programmed in a way to be able to make contingency plans to handle life-related issues. The word “emotion” derives from the Latin word “motere”, which means, “move”. In other words, it comes from the exact word e-motion; that is, the moving energy.

Placebo effect It is a term used to explain how some individuals recover from illnesses by taking fake medicine without receiving a real treatment. They take fake medicine thinking that they are real, so they believe that they are receiving medical treatment.

Gestures and Mimics They make emotions and thoughts tangible and concrete by accompanying the expression of emotions and thoughts. Gestures and mimics can be classified into two main groups: Basic gestures and mimics, Secondary gestures and mimics.

A complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be learned. Stereotype behavior patterns of all the species are called instinct.

Homeostasis It refers to a biological balance displaying an internal stable condition regarding how and how much food will be taken by the organism.

Hypothalamus is the center directing the reactions related to hunger in the body. It also controls eating process as hunger and thirst control center.

Chemical messengers such as testosterone hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands strongly influence the human sex drive for both men and women. Testosterone level alone does not determine sexual desire (Morris, 1996). Some people have active interest in sex in spite of their low testosterone level. In addition to hormones controlled by the central nerve system, the smell of a perfume, a sexuality-based advertisement and erotic dreams are among the factors affecting the emergence of sexual behavior. Moral values and rules of a society determine the pattern and density of sexual behavior.

While social acceptance need, which is about social approval and living in harmony with others without disturbing them, is more dominant in Turkish culture, independence need is more influential in American society, which states that individual do not need anybody to survive.

The needs from the bottom level to the top can be listed as follows respectively: • basic physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, breathing, sexuality and sleeping • the need for safety for family, job and properties • social needs related to love and belonging such as family, social groups, close friendship • the need for the appreciation of value, achievement and respect • self-actualization which covers the superiority of morality, creativity and problem solution.

Intense emotions such as rage or fear cause some physiological changes in the body. For instance, when we are afraid of something, our heart beats faster, our mouth gets dry, we sweat, shiver, and feel heartburn in the stomach. Most of these physiological reactions of the body occur when the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system activates. The following are changes in the sympathetic nervous system • The heart beats faster and breathing gets quicker • The pupils get bigger • Saliva excretion stops • In order to be used in case of emergency, more blood is directed to skeleton muscles to coordinate movements and to brain for decision making processes - instead of to stomach or intestines • Blood sugar becomes more intense in the blood to provide energy • Blood clots faster.

Placebo effect It is a term used to explain how some individuals recover from illnesses by taking fake medicine without receiving a real treatment. They take fake medicine thinking that they are real, so they believe that they are receiving medical treatment.

Aiming to cover the weaknesses of JamesLange theory, Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotions and behaviors are simultaneous. Where there is any kind of stimulant nearby, thalamus is activated. While nerve system is stimulated to induce physiological changes, a signal is sent to the cortex to start the process of being aware of emotion-related experience.

Stimulant-based motives, which are examples of unlearned motives, mainly depend on external stimulants and aim to obtain information from nearby environment. Motives such as curiosity and scrutiny direct individuals to search and change nearby environment.