PSİKOLOJİ

While the other options are the examples of quantitative research, "action research" is a kind of qualitative research. So, the answer is D.

While the other options are the examples of qualitative research, "decsriptive research" is a quantitative research method. So, the answer is B.

All the options except for E describes the qualitative approach, so the answer is E.

Case study is a type of qualitative research so the answer is D.

Concurrent mixed methods is the correct answer.

In quantitative research methods, the focus is determining variables, big sampling, collecting data by using tests, and formal measurement tools. So, the answer is C.

Before constructing the research method, it is necessary to determine hypotheses or research questions, so the answer is D.

We can list some of the fundamental characteristics of science as follows:2,4
1. Science is objective: Science generates impartial knowledge, and scientific
conclusions do not vary across individuals.
2. Science uncovers the reality in nature: Science works on what it is, not what it should be. Remember, it is philosophy that focuses on what it should be.
3. Science includes systematic and organized pieces of knowledge: Scientific knowledge can only be obtained through scientific methods.

4. Science is cumulative: A scientific finding may not be enough to solve a problem. In time, pieces of knowledge growing in the pool of science can be helpful to formulate a possible solution.

5. That science is replicable means the results of a research must be replicable by another research conducted under the same circumstances. So, the answer is E.

Scientific knowledge is based on theory but the other options define casual knowledge. The answer is B.

Plagiarism means using others’ studies without citing, or manipulating them on purpose. So, to avoid plagiarism means that researchers have to avoid any form of deception. The answer is A.

Direct measurement is a term used for measuring the target features without any influence from other variables. In this measurement type, the features of the variable to be measured and the measurement tool are of the same kind. The correct answer is E.

Casual Knowledge is not based on theory and not a product of scientific method. Moreover, it not a kind of knowledge that is obtained after a plan. These are actually the features of scientific knowledge. That is why A, C and E are all incorrect.

B is also incorrect since ‘casual knowledge’ is the type which is not necessarily organized. However, scientific knowledge accumulates systematically and therefore, the correct answer is D.

Finding a research subject is the first stage of psychological research process because it is impossible to carry out a research before specifying what to search.

After determining the problem, comprehensive information regarding the subject is gathered and the given description belongs to the stage which is called as ‘gathering information about the problem’. This information is organized from general to specific. The correct answer is C.

Reliability is a degree which indicates that the measurement instrument is free from mistakes. In order to secure reliability, the measurement instrument should be objective, it should provide similar results on repeated measurements, and the number of materials (questions) should be adequate and compatible. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

The given characteristics belong to Experimental Research among all quantitative research designs. The correct answer is A.

Single-Subject Research is one of the quantitative research designs. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Document analysis is used in data collection and analysis in qualitative research and it refers to analyzing written and visual materials containing information about the target phenomena or events. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

In transformative mixed method, quantitative data is converted into an appropriate form to be analyzed qualitatively, or qualitative data is transformed into some kind of statistical values to be analyzed quantitatively. For example, if we identify the psychological problems of the workers through interviews, then we have to convert this data into quantitative form such as frequency, or percentage. The correct answer is A.

Science ethics is the field where value problems encountered in scientific activities and their solutions are discussed and where researchers can find the principles they need to abide as they conduct their studies. A, B, C and E are those four main ethical principles that researchers have to follow. However recording the data during the interviews is one of the technical rules in data collection and analysis process in qualitative research. The correct answer is D.