PSİKOLOJİ

Epistemology is a thinking act about the basic principles of a science or a scientific field.

Measurement refers to symbolic representation, especially digital, of the characteristics, qualities, and objects—in other words, the variables—through observation.

Scientific research is a systematic process of data collection and analysis. In other words, it is a methodological study conducted in relation to science.

Method, on the other hand, refers to a path that is paved in accordance with a plan in order to access some specific results.

A hypothesis is the prediction of the results of a research.

Psychology studies go through many stages as other social science studies do. Below, each stage is clarified briefly.

1. Finding a research subject.

2. Identifying the Research Problem.

3. Gathering Information About the Problem.

4. Determining Hypotheses or Research Questions.

5. Constructing the Research Method.

6. Conducting a Research.

A sample is a group formed by a certain number of individuals or participants that allows making generalizations on the population.

Reliability is a degree which indicates that the measurement instrument is free from mistakes.

Validity is a degree which represents how well a measurement instrument is goal-oriented

Research method includes research design, universe and sample, data collection tools, implementation, and data analysis.

Method refers to a path that is paved in accordance with a plan in order to access some specific results. The correct answer is D.

Scientific research refers to a systematic process of data collection and analysis whereas method is a planned way to reach specific results. The correct answer is C.

The only statement which is one of the characteristics of scientific knowledge is given in B. The rest of the options belong to casual knowledge.

The first stage of the psychological research process is finding a research subject because it is impossible to carry out a research before specifying what to search. The correct answer is E.

In the stage of gathering information about the problem, comprehensive information regarding the subject is gathered. This stage is also known as literature review. The correct answer is A.

The research has to be reported to be shared with the relevant community of researchers at the end of the analyses. Therefore, the last stage is 'reporting the results' which is given in C.

Unlike the statement given in D, the qualitative approach has an inductive structure. The rest of the options are correct. The correct answer is D.

The aim of grounded theory design is to focus on meanings and experiences. It somehow resembles the phenomenology design. Still, the meanings and experiences studied in this design are used to form a theory. The correct answer is E.

Document analysis refers to analyzing written and visual materials containing information about the target phenomena or events. The correct answer is A.

There are four main ethical principles that researchers have to follow and these four principles are given in A, C, D and E. However, interacting with the participants is just a research focus in qualitative research rather than being an ethical principle. Therefore, the answer to this question is B.