PSİKOLOJİ

Science uncovers the reality in nature: Science works on what it is, not what it should be. Remember, it is philosophy that focuses on what it should be

Psychology, Economics and business, Educational sciences, Sociology, Law, Political science, Social and economic geography, Media and communications, Other social sciences take place in the field of Social sciences

Scientific research is a systematic process of data collection and analysis. In other words, it is a methodological study conducted in relation to science.

Theory is a body of related principles that functions to explain, predict, and control a phenomenon.

Variables are the focal points of any research; for example, age, gender, marital status, socio-economic status, and academic success.

Measurement refers to symbolic representation, especially digital, of the characteristics, qualities, and objects—in other words, the variables—through observation. To put it differently, measurement means to convert quality into quantity. Measurement is an effort of description.

Finding a research subject. It is impossible to carry out a research before specifying what to search. The research can be about anything as long as the researcher’s characteristics, the topic to be examined, and the technical conditions are suitable. However; it is preferred that the study be based on a need. While deciding on a subject, the researcher may benefit from his/her own observations, resource person and publications or theoretical knowledge. As an example, let’s take the following as the subject of our research: ‘Problems of workers working at a workplace’.

Stages of the research process are listed below respectively;

-Finding a research subject

-Identifying the Research Problem

-Gathering Information about the Problem

-Determining Hypothesis of Research Questions

-Constructing the Research Method

-Conducting the Research

-Analyzing Data

-Reporting the Results

Therefore "Determining Hypothesis of Research Questions" stage stage of the research process occurs earlier than others

Qualitative Research includes Ethnography, Phenomenology, Case Study, Grounded Theory and Action Research.

Independent variable: this is the cause in a research so in an experimental study in which the effect of sleep time on the performance of the math exam performed the next day is measured, independent variable is sleep time.

Philosophy of science (epistemology) is a subfield of philosophy. Epistemology is a thinking act about the basic principles of a science or a scientific field.3 The most striking similarity between science and philosophy is that both generates knowledge. This knowledge aims to help individuals understand themselves, their environment, the world, and even the universe. The answer is B.

Interestingly enough, there are also significant differences between science and philosophy. Philosophy asks questions, and strives to unfold the answers by reasoning but not by way of senses. On the contrary, science pursues its quest to find answers by using senses and the scientific methods to be mentioned below. Second, philosophy tries to discover what should be, but science focuses on analyzing the relations that exist in nature. Lastly, science has to either prove or refute the knowledge that it produces. However, philosophy does not need to prove any piece of knowledge that it produces. Science is objective, it focuses on the reality in nature and it is systematic, organized, cumulative and replicable. The answer is C.

Applied research studies, on the other hand, produce suggestions for practice based on the findings of fundamental research. For instance, scholars working in the field of psychology have determined that rewarding has a positive influence on changing human behaviors. This is a finding obtained by fundamental research studies. Based on this knowledge, scholars specializing on educational sciences have been investigating ways to change undesired student behaviors via use of reward mechanism; and this is an example of applied research study. The answer is B.

Casual Knowledge is based on personal intuition, it accumulates mostly on its own,  It is directed towards instant personal needs, ıt is relevant to personal decision-making Is relevant to reaching a general truth, it is mostly biased,  Includes personal desires and subjective comments and  it is not necessarily organized. The answer is D.

It is impossible to carry out a research before specifying what to search. The research can be about anything as long as the researcher’s characteristics, the topic to be examined, and the technical conditions are suitable. However; it is preferred that the study be based on a need. While deciding on a subject, the researcher may benefit from his/her own observations, resource person and publications or theoretical knowledge. As an example, let’s take the following as the subject of our research: ‘Problems of workers working at a workplace’. The answer is B.

Measurement instruments used to collect data must be reliable and valid. It is inevitable to make mistakes about measurement in psychology studies. The aim is to minimize those possible mistakes. Reliability is a degree which indicates that the measurement instrument is free from mistakes. In order to secure reliability, the measurement instrument should be objective, it should provide similar results on repeated measurements, and the number of materials (questions) should be adequate and compatible. The answer is D.

There are descriptive, correlational,causal-comparative  and Experimantal Research designs in Quantitative Research Paradigm. The answer is B.

Negative correlation can be expected between inflation and purchasing power: Either purchasing power can decrease with an increase in inflation or inflation can increase with a decrease in purchasing power (Negative correlation). The older people get, the more health problems they have, so as age increases, health decreases. The answer is E.

Ethnography: As one of the fundamental research designs for anthropology, ethnography is currently utilized in other social study domains as well. It focuses on the definition and analysis of cultural components (such as social structure, function, behavior, value, and norm) as much as on personal perceptions and behaviors. For example, we sometimes see that some researchers in documentaries start living with the members of a tribe in order to get to know and understand their culture better. This kind of studies are examples for ethnography. The answer is A.

There are four main ethical principles that researchers have to follow:

• Not harming the participants

• Granting written consent from the participants

• Preserving confidentiality

• Avoiding scientific deception.Plagiarism is defined in option B so the answer is B.