PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 19

According to multidisciplinary component human development is a very unique and special area of science in which various types of disciplines can work together. For example, memory can be examined by neuroscience, developmental science, cognitive science, even social science when it comes to collective memory. Thus, the answer is A.

According to Baltes and his associates (2006); the lifespan development of a human being usually consists of conflicts and competition between growth, maintenance and regulation of loss. Thus, the answer is B.

Middle and late childhood is the period from 6 years to 10-11 years of age, adolescence is the period from 10-12 years to 18-21 years of age, early childhood is the period from 3 to 5 years of age, infancy is the period from birth to 18-24 months of age, and toddlerhood is the period from 18-24 months to 36 months of age. Therefore, the answer is E.

Middle and late childhood is the period which usually ends with the signs of puberty. Adolescence starts with the signs of puberty. Thus, the answer is D.

Nature and Nurture is concerned with whether human development
is affected by nature (genetic makeup) or nurture (environment). Thus, the answer is C.

B and C are the concerns of 'Stability and Change' while D and E are the concerns of 'Nature and Nurture'. 'Continuity and Discontinuity' concentrates on whether or not
human development consists of cumulative or specific stages. Thus, the answer is A.

Freud’s theory has been criticized since it pays great attention to sexual instintcs
and since it does not mention the potential effects of culture. Thus, the answer is B.

The zone of proximal development was defined as “the distance between the actual
development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.’ Thus, the answer is E.

Cephalocaudal pattern is the pattern of development that begins at the top
of the body and gradually follows a path from top to down. Therefore, the answer is D.

Animism is thinking that objects that are not alive have qualities like things that are alive, and thus, thinking that these objects can move or act like alive things. Thus, the answer is B.

Subjective tests refer to the interview method; objective tests are standardized paper-pencil tests; Two well-known projective tests are Rorschach Inkblot Test and TAT; projective Tests utilize the freeassociation technique that requires the person
to look at an ambiguous source. Thus, the answer is C.

Projective tests have been criticized for not being reliable and valid. Thus the answer is E.

Psychoticism is related with male sex hormones and indicates an impulsive and aggressive tendency. Thus, the answer is A.

The biggest psychosexual conflict, girls feeling as if they are disabled and incomplete, boys feeling sexual urges towards their mothers, and children discovering their sexuality, gender, gender differences, and social meanings happen during the phallic stage. Only the last option "children being uninterested in sexuality, their own bodies or other people’s bodies" belong to the Latency stage. Therefore, the answer is E.

Horney highlighted the effect of interpersonal relations and social factors on the development of personality, and she basically claimed that the basic anxiety in childhood, characterized by feeling insecure and helpless, is more fundamental in personality development. Thus the answer is A.

A positive reinforcement is “giving something” in order to increase the frequency of a behavior. For instance; the mother gives her attention when her baby smiles or a father treats his child to an ice cream cone when he stays quiet and obedient during a shopping trip. Negative reinforcement is “removing something” in order to increase the frequency of a behavior. For example, when you get into a car you might hear a disturbing noise which is only removed when you wear your seatbelt. A positive punishment is giving something that wasn’t previously evident in the environment, like the teacher’s scolding behavior. Thus, the answer is B.

Humanistic approach differentiates from other perspectives in the sense that, it doesn’t focus on flaws and weaknesses of human beings. Thus, the answer is C.

The first one is physiological needs which consists of basic needs, for survival, like oxygen, food, water and sleep. Once you have secured your physiological needs, your second concern would be safety needs such as house and shelter. Then, the third stage is love & belonging needs. Next, there are esteem needs which include being
respected and recognized by others. When the person fulfills these four groups of needs, the behaviors will be motivated by the need for self-actualization, which is at the top of the hierarchy. Thus, the answer is D.

The factors (or Big Five Traits) are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness,
Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience. Consciousness is not among those traits. Therefore, the answer is E.

Option B and C are features of 'Agreeableness', option D is a feature of 'Openness to Experience', and option E is a feature of 'Neuroticism'. Thus, the right answer is A.