PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 15

When the person fulfills the previous four groups of needs, Maslow indicates that the behaviors will be motivated by the need for self-actualization, which is at the top of the hierarchy. The correct answer is C.

We can define personality as a psychological construct that characterizes our relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting, which is unique to us and differentiates us from other people. Personality is the psychological mechanism that organizes how people perceive and interact with their environment, so that their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur in accordance with each other.

Subjective tests refer to the interview method. The interview questions vary depending on the context; whether it is a clinical or a job interview. For instance, a clinical interview generally include, questions about present and past experiences, as well as questions aiming to assess any psychological characteristics that might contribute to the client’s present complaints. In addition, behavioral observation during the interview (i.e., general attitude, nonverbal behaviors, motivation, or insight) provides information about the personality. Subjective assessment ensures fruitful information.

Two well-known projective tests are Rorschach Inkblot Test . Rorschach Inkblot Test was developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 and includes ambiguous inkblot figures while the TAT, developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray in 1935 consists of various pictures that are asked to be verbalized in stories.

Temperament reflects the biological part of the personality that is observable in the manners of little children. Personality, on the other hand, is composed of the whole set of acquired characteristics throughout one’s life.

As the baby grows up, s/he learns about the expectations and rules of her/his parents as well as the society. Developing at the ages of 4-5, Superego represents moral rules, social norms and values. In order to meet (or not to violate) these norms, it has to control the impulses of the id. However, superego seeks for perfection in terms of morality, so it might be forbidding and punitive. If the standards of the superego are not met, this might lead to feeling of guilt. Superego operates mostly at the unconscious level.

Suppression is the conscious attempt to hide or prevent unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives. Repression, on the other hand, operates at the unconscious level.

Fixation: In classical psychoanalysis, fixation occurs when the conflict in a certain stage of psychosexual development is not resolved. In this case, the person becomes unconsciously fixated to that specific stage and develops neurotic reactions, such as overindulgence with the erogenous zone, a person or an object related to that stage.

In Rogers person-centered theory, organismic trust refers to one’s trusting their own judgments of right and wrong.

Neuroticism is defined as the chronic instability of emotional adjustment, low frustration toleration due to one’s degree of control over her/his urges and maladaptive coping responses with regard to the emotional context. Accordingly, high levels of Neuroticism contribute negatively to the psychological well-being and it is associated with proneness to psychological distress.

“Normality means being healthy. According to this traditional view of normal, healthy person is the one who does not have any illnesses. Normality refers to average values. Normality is a process, and normal behavior is a common product of a system interacting within itself. In other words, normality refers to the changes an organism rather than definning a particular situation at a particular time.

Ego is the rational part of mind. Ego is concerned with behaving in a way that is socially acceptable.

Behaviorist approach argues that abnormal behaviors occur because of learned behaviors like all other behaviors. It assumes that, unlike classical conditioning and operant conditioning, abnormal behaviors are shaped by the effects of internal processes such as expectations and a wish to see the results of the things done. There are four different concepts regarding human cognition and these are: • Cognitive structures: how an individual organizes information,

Humanist – Existentialist Approach : According to this approach, individuals are born with a tendency to behave ideally in terms of psychological development, growth and healthy balance. This tendency is called self-realization. In this approach, the individual consistently expresses his wishes and needs according to his own psychological development needs. Such an expression pattern is sometimes observed as aggressiveness, sometimes as sexuality and sometimes as a wish to be independent.

Disturbingly intense experience of fear or terror despite the lack of rational reason is called panic disoder.

People with this disorder live in fear of having a panic attack. Common symptoms associated with a panic attack include:

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The individuals having this psychological illness develop habits that they repeat quite often but are not able to control them easily.    The involuntary ideas that individuals cannot control are called obsession. Ritual behaviors repeated continuously by individuals are called compulsion.

Hypochondriasis refers to the situation when an individual is too much interested in his/her body functions and develops irrational beliefs about disorders or illnesses affecting the functions of his/her internal organs.

Bipolar disorder: the individual experiences both depression and excitement. It is a mood disorder that manifests itself in the form of alternating periods of depression and mania. There are changes in an individual’s mood and behavior switching between an over excited state called manic and a state of feeling hopeless called depressive.