PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 14

“Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with oneself. People with narcissistic personality disorder believe they are superior or special. They have the following symptoms:

There are so many things happening around us. However, we perceive only a small part of it. Even this perception does not just happen; there are many processes involved in. These sequences of steps are called perceptual processes.It is a process about how we experience and react to the stimuli in the environment.

The main principle of perception is based on electrical signals that are created in the receptors in our nervous system.

Sensation includes the information contained in the enviromental stimuli that are captured by the relevant sensory system and transmitted to the brain. Perception, on the other hand, is the process of analyzing, recognizing, interpreting, and organizing this information. Even though perception seems to occur instantly, it involves complex mechanisms.

The correct answer is D.

Human development starts with a dramatic increase during the first two years of life, and it continues through other stages like childhood, adolescence and adulthood.

Multidimensional component: Human development is multidimensional; that is, it includes many different aspects which can influence one another. Thinking patterns, emotional states, perception on relationships, etc., might change with age, and any change in one area might affect another change in another area. F

Developmental scientists have been trying to enucleate how much plasticity human beings have in different aspects of development in different stages of life.

Cognitive Processes: Cognitive processes arise from the mental state of an individual, such as thought, memory, attention, language acquisition, etc., Whatever an individual does during mental processing can affect the change in cognitive processes, and, in turn, human development. For example; memorizing names, solving Sudoku puzzle or any other cognitive task, using cognitive map on the roads as a taxi driver influence the change in cognitive processes.

Middle adulthood is the period from 40s to 60s and is about maintaining and improving what is gained from early years.

Adolescence is the period from 10-12 years to 18-21 years of age and starts with the signs of puberty. In this period dramatic changes in hormones and physiology take place. These changes include voice, growth of facial and pubic hair and breasts. Psychological development also consists of visible changes such as, becoming more independent from parents and spending lots of time with friends. This period is valid also for identity development.

Nature vs Nurture: This topic of debate might be the oldest issue of developmental psychology. It is concerned with whether human development is affected by nature (genetic makeup) or nurture (environment), and with the extent to which aspects of development are affected by nature and by nurture. According to the nature part of the debate, humans’ genetic background determines a kind of biological program for each human being. This is unique to a person and influence a person’s individual tendency and growth potential for a certain aspect of development15. In contrast with the nature part, the nurture part of the debate emphasizes the importance of environmental experiences and influences on human development. From this perspective, human beings are born with a tabula rasa (a blank state) and gain developmental aspects through exposure to the environment across the years.

Psychosocial Theory was developed by Erik Erikson (1902-1994). Erikson proposed that human development follows a process based on psychosocial stages rather than psychosexual stages. Contrary to Freud’s theory, Erikson suggested that the basic motivation of humans is being social and associating with other human beings, beyond sexual instincts. Freud considers early life experiences as the main determinants.

Puberty is a process that starts in early adolescence. It results from the changes in the brain-neuroendocrine system and it triggers rapid physical changes.

In terms of cognitive changes, one of the most popular topics that has been studied in middle adulthood is memory. While some researchers propose that memory capacity declines during this term, other researchers emphasize that there is no or minimal decline in memory capacity and performance. The basic conclusion of this topic is that more scientific research needs to be conducted in order to have an inference. In terms of other cognitive tasks, expertise has an influence on success. Expertise occurs usually in middle adulthood rather than early adulthood since being an expert on something needs lots of time, lots of practice and experience, and effort.

Generosity is a normal behaviour. In every society, there are social expectations, norms and values. As long as you obey societal norms, your behavior is considered as normal. Definitions of normality depends on the person’s time, place and situation. It changes along with what society expects from you. Normal behavior is often only recognized in contrast to abnormality.The correct answer is E.

Ego is the rational part of mind which is concerned with behaving in a way that is socially acceptable. The correct answer is B.

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder. The correct answer is D.

Agoraphobia is fear of crowded public. The correct answer is C.

Nyctohylophobia is a fear of darkness. The correct answer is B.

Fear of being infected with contagious diseases and microbes; for example not shaking hands with other people and developing a fear of being infected with an illness. The correct answer is A.

“Dissociative amnesia (loss of memory) is about the sudden loss of important information (knowledge) due to stressful and traumatic incidents although the capacity to learn new information is not deteriorated. Such a memory loss cannot be considered a simple forgetfulness problem. The person cannot remember personal information, typically for a specific event (death of a loved one) or period of time, although it can extend to one’s entire identity (who am I). The correct answer is C.

In Bipolar disorder, the individual experiences both depression and excitement. It is a mood disorder that manifests itself in the form of alternating periods of depression and mania. There are changes in an individual’s mood and behavior switching between an over excited state called manic and a state of feeling hopeless called depressive. If the symptoms are a mix of those experienced in the manic and depressive states, the state is called mixed. The correct answer is D.