PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 13

“Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with oneself. People with narcissistic personality disorder believe they are superior or special. They have the following symptoms: • Exaggerate own importance • He/or she is preoccupied with fantasies of success, power, beauty, intelligence • Requires constant attention and admiration from others • Has unreasonable expectations of favorable treatment • Takes advantage of others to reach his or her own goals • Disregards the feelings of others, lacks empathy • Is often envious of others or believes other people are envious of him or her • Shows arrogant behaviors and attitudes. The correct answer is A.

The symptoms mentioned above are symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia. The correct answer is C.

The psychoanalytic approach to personality emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences while behavioral approach highlights the importance of learning and conditioning.

Subjective tests refer to the interview method. The interview questions vary depending on the context; whether it is a clinical or a job interview. For instance, a clinical interview generally include, questions about present and past experiences, as well as questions aiming to assess any psychological characteristics that might contribute to the client’s present complaints. In addition, behavioral observation during the interview (i.e., general attitude, nonverbal behaviors, motivation, or insight) provides information about the personality. Subjective assessment ensures fruitful information. Still, the information is more reliable when it is supported by objective tests.

Projective Tests are different from subjective and objective measures of personality in the sense that they are specifically designed in order to assess unconscious thoughts and motives that contribute to certain behavioral patterns. Relying on the psychoanalytic theory, the tests utilize the free association technique that requires the person to look at an ambiguous source (i.e., an inkblot figure, a picture, etc.) and tell whatever comes to her/his mind. In this way, the person projects her/ his unconscious motives to the test material. Two well-known projective tests are the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the TAT.

Hans Eysenck is one of the most important theoreticians claiming that biology is the principal factor that shapes our personalities. According to Eysenck, there is a certain biological tendency in how we respond and this tendency is not acquired through experiences but rather inherited.

Aging is another important factor on personality. Studies suggested that personality remains relatively stable between similar developmental periods (i.e., from adolescence to young adulthood or from middle adulthood to late adulthood). However, the longest longitudinal study that examined the stability of certain personality characteristics over time depicted that, contrary to the popular belief, personality does change with age11. The change is slow, which might explain why it cannot be observed in shorter periods. However, when the period is longer, the cumulative impact becomes significant. Still, the influence of aging on personality cannot be understood apart from biology.

The id operates according to the pleasure principle.

Karen Horney was a German-born American psychoanalyst. She basically opposed the assumption that personality is shaped through the roles of aggressive and sexual impulses. Rather, she highlighted the effect of interpersonal relations and social factors on the development of personality. Horney basically claimed that the basic anxiety in childhood, characterized by feeling insecure and helpless, is more fundamental in personality development. The child learns to deal with this anxiety in three ways: approaching other people, moving against other people (aggression), or avoiding them.

Harry Stack Sullivan was an American psychologist. His views diverged from that of Freud’s especially in the sense that Sullivan gave a special emphasis on the role of interpersonal relations (especially the relations with significant others) in shaping one’s personality. Moreover, he suggested the term personafication: one’s mental representations of herself/himself and other people. You might think that personafication sounds more cognitive than psychoanalytic, and this is another important difference between Sullivan’s view of personality and classical psychoanalytic theory. He placed more emphasis on the conscious processes but did not completely ignore the unconscious. Sullivan proposed that there are three ways that we see ourselves: the good-me, the bad-me, and the not-me. The good-me is what we like about ourselves and what we want to show to others. Conversely, the bad-me includes what we do not like about ourselves and try to hide from others. Most of the time we are consciously aware of the good-me and the bad-me, and the anxiety that is provoked because of the bad-me. What we are not consciously aware of ourselves is the not-me; the things that we do not accept as part of ourselves. The not-me provokes so much anxiety that it is kept in the unconscious.

The best example of a variable-ratio schedule might be gambling and chance games.

The most prominent characteristic of self-actualized people is self-awareness.

Conscientiousness points out individual differences in terms of responsibility, reliability, organization, control, and meticulousness as well as goal-directed behavior and reduced impulsivity which is evident in induced risk-taking behavior. Conscientiousness further relates to the acquirement of strategies to cope with frustration coming from objects and tasks.

Here are the components of human development from lifespan perspective:

The correct answer is E.

Plasticity is described as the ability to change, to be shaped, and to be developed. The correct answer is B.

The longest period of human life is late adulthood. It begins in 60s and goes until death.

The correct answer is D.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson developed psychoanalytic theories while Cognitive Developmental theory was developed by Jean Piaget. The correct answer is C.

According to Piaget’s theory, children follow these developmental stages:

The correct answer is A.

According to Psychosexual Theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, the main challenge of phallic stage is sexual identity.The correct answer is D.

Assimilation takes place when a child encounters with new information and uses his/her already existence schemes to handle this incoming information. The correct answer is A.